鸟类群落结构形成的因素分析

【作者】 王海涛；

【导师】 高玮；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 生态学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本人于2001年和2002年4～7月，在吉林省左家自然保护区和镇赉县大纲林场(结合本人1996年以来在左家地区的部分调查资料)对鸟类群落结构形成的因素进行了分析研究，研究内容包括：生境选择与鸟类群落形成的关系；鸟类群落中的资源利用；群落组织者在群落中的作用；栖息地破碎化与鸟类群落结构的形成。结论如下： 1、生境异质性影响鸟类群落组成 生境异质性越高，鸟类群落结构越复杂。每种鸟都有其各自适宜的繁殖生境，从而使不同生境中都有其独特的鸟类群落。 2、次生林鸟类以集团形式对各种资源进行利用 根据取食生境及高度，左家次生林繁殖鸟类群落分为7个取食集团，从而有效对生境中的取食空间和食物资源进行利用。 次生林繁殖鸟类对巢址资源呈现空间上的垂直利用现象，可分为树冠层营巢、树干上营巢和林下层营巢繁殖集团。 次生林的植被结构影响鸟类群落的种类组成和数量，但对不同类群的鸟类影响的程度不同。 草原鸟类的巢址选择中存在资源分割，影响草原鸟类巢位选择的主要因子是草本植物的高度和密度、蒙古山杏的密度。 3、次生林鸟类群落结构形成中有群落组织者的存在 喜鹊是次生林中的群落组织者之一，主要影响猛禽群落的形成猛禽群落组成的变化，又间接影响次生林中的营地面巢的大型鸟类和营洞巢的大型鸟类群落构成，从而对整个群落的组成产生影响。 初级洞巢鸟通过提供巢址而成为山地次生林鸟类群落的组织者。啄洞数量的变化对灰椋鸟的数量变化产生明显影响；样地内总的树洞数量的变化对灰椋鸟和大山雀数量产生明显影响。 每种次级洞巢鸟对同种类以前利用过的树洞均有较高的重复利用率，不同种次级洞巢鸟对树洞可交叉利用。次级洞巢鸟的繁殖成功受巢位特征的影响。 4、栖息地破碎化能形成新的鸟类群落 鸟类群落物种数随次生林斑块面积的增大而增加，营洞巢和灌丛巢鸟受面积因素影响较小；营地面巢和树冠巢乌类受面积因素影响较大。5、提出了山地次生林鸟类群落结构形成的模式更多还原

【Abstract】 I studied the factors that influence avian community organization in Zuojia narural protective reserve and Dagang forestry center in Jilin province during the period between April to July, 200land 2002 (and combine part data that collected in the same area since 1996). The contents include: the relationship between habitat and avian community; the resource utilizatin among avian community; the role of community organiger in avian community; the influnence of habitat fragmentation onavian community organization. The conclusion as follows:1. Habitat heterogeneity influence avian community compositionThe higher habitat heterogeneity is with the more complex community. Every bird species has its own adaptive breeding habitat, thus every habitat contains particular avian community.2. The birds use resources in guilds in secondary forestsThe birds can be divided into 7 guilds in Zuojia secondary forests according to foraging habitat and height, thertby they can use the foraging space and resources efficiency.The secondary forest breeding use birds nest-site resources vertically, they can be divided into nesting in tree coronal layer guild, nesting on tree trunk guild, nestig in the under forest layer guild.The vegetation structure of secondary forest influences the species composition and quantity of avian community, but which is different in different guilds.There exists resource partition in nest-site selection among grassland birds. The main factors that influence grassland bird nest-site selection are the height and density of herbage, and the density ofArmerniaca sibiric.3. There exists community organizer during the process of secondary foresrt birds community formingPied magpie is one of the community organizers in secondary forest, itmainly influences the raptors community structure, and influences large bird guilds that nesting on ground and cavity-nesting birds indirectly, thereby it influences the whole birds community structure.The primary cavity-nesting bird is the organizer for mountainous secondary forest birds community by providing nest-site. The change of excavated cavity quantity influence the quantity of Ashy Starling significantly, the change of all cavity influence the quantity of Great Tit and Ashy Starling significantly.The rato of every secondary cavity-nesting bird reuse the old nest-site that used by the same species is high, different species can use old nest-site across. The reproductive success of secondary cavity-nesting birds influenced by nest-site characteristics.4. Habitat fragmentation can lead to form new avian communityThe species number of birds community raises following the increase of pathes area. The area size with little influence on birds that nest in cavities and shrubs, and the birds that nesting on ground and in tree coronal layer influenced by area size.5. We bring forward the pattern of mountainous secondary forest avian community.更多还原