【作者】 言志信；

【导师】 吴德伦；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 岩土工程， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 结构爆破拆除是七十年代兴起的一门新技术。与传统拆除方法不同，它以其安全、高效、低成本、不需复杂设备而极具竞争力成为拆除工程的首选。几十年来，人们进行了大量的爆破拆除工程实践，积累了不少工程经验，也做了一些课题研究，归纳总结了不少经验公式。但因爆破过程极高的能量密度、瞬时性、高速性及结构破碎机理和坍塌模式等方面的极端复杂，因而无论是理论方面还是测试方面难度都很大；因其涉及众多学科领域，致使爆破拆除理论长期滞后于工程实践的发展，以致于形成了这样的局面：一方面拆除爆破以其独特优势在拆除领域大量应用；另一方面，面对各种新型结构、高大建筑物、以及恶劣的爆破环境，因缺乏理论指导和类比的经验导致事故频发，造成不必要的损失。本文针对上述存在的问题，在前人工作基础上进行了深入系统的理论研究、实验研究和工程应用研究，探讨了结构拆除和爆破地震效应，并编制了用于预测爆破振动的计算程序，取得如下主要成果：（1）综合归纳了固体介质的爆破理论，探讨了楼房、厂房结构的爆破拆除倒坍方式和爆破参数。对砌体和钢筋混凝土筒形结构定向爆破拆除倾倒过程进行了系统研究，建立了相应的倾倒力学模型，获得了倾倒条件及倾倒运动规律。其结果对结构拆除具有很高理论和应用价值，并可直接用于设计。（2）运用本文获得的理论于巨型低矮大直径钢筋混凝土取水塔的定向拆除设计，采用与常规不同的爆破切口形状，突破常规切口高为壁厚1～2倍的限制，取得很好的拆除效果。（3）运用结构动力学规律，揭示了冲击波在水压爆破中的作用原理，根据结构破坏条件，导出了水压爆破拆除装药量的计算公式；对于容器内同一圆周上布置多药包的特殊情况，得到了多药包条件下，相邻药包之间应满足的几何关系式。（4）运用本文水压爆破理论，对一复杂结构水池作了水压爆破，通过合理确定药量，精心布药及独特的处理，取得极佳的爆破效果，为分层多药包设计理论提供了工程实证。 （5）在爆破测试技术理论方面，探讨了狭缝扫描高速摄影的测试原理，导得了质点二维运动的速度和抛掷角的计算公式，将狭缝扫描高速摄影研究领域从一维拓展到二维。（6）在聚能爆破试验研究中，建立了成一角度的双平面镜测试系统，运用该测试系统研究了大锥角罩内壁面质点的运动，首次记录了质点真实运动，获得了<WP=5>质点运动的指数加速规律。（7）在爆破抛掷角理论计算中，采用与P.C.Chou，J.Cardeone相同的假设，但运用严格的积分得到了与P.C.Chou，J.Cardeone相同的计算公式。（8）以爆破地震波理论为出发点，对结构爆破地震效应进行了系统研究；结合土岩特性，运用应力应变关系和波的传播特性，证明了用质点振速描述爆破地震效应的合理性；通过最小二乘回归分析，获得了、、的计算式。进行了大量的爆破地震观测，获得了很多地震波波形图和频谱图，研究并获得了不同场地的地震波传播规律及参数。（9）通过研究爆破振动测试结果、进行自然地震烈度与爆破地震效应对比、以及我国《爆破安全规程》与国外安全标准对比，从理论上阐明了爆破安全标准应将振速限值与振动频率相关联，并提出了改进办法和爆破地震安全振速建议标准。（10）探讨了人工神经网络在爆破地震峰值预报中的应用，建立了爆破地震峰值预报人工神经网络模型，并用C语句编制了计算程序，应用获得的爆破测试结果证实了人工神经网络能有效预报爆破地震峰值。本文立足于学科前沿，对结构爆破拆除及爆破地震效应进行了系统深入的研究，具有很高的理论和应用价值，本文的成果对拆除爆破逐步从经验走向理论，做到科学、可控、准确、可预测，从而确保人民生命财产安全，创造好的经济效益，具有重要意义更多还原

【Abstract】 The blast demolition of structure is a new technology, which sprang up in the 1970s. Unlike the traditional demolition techniques, it has been the first choice of demolishing projects because of its great competitiveness due to safety, high efficiency, low cost and doing without complicated equipment. In the past decades, much practice of blasting demolition and some academic studies has been carried out so that lots of experience has been accumulated and many experiential formulas have been achieved. However, thanks to the complexity of extreme energetic intensity, transient behavior, high speed and structural breaking mechanism and collapse mode in the blast, it is of great difficulty from both theoretical and testing perspectives. Its involving various scientific spheres leads to the lag of blasting theories comparing with engineering practice. Thus, a condition appears: on the one hand, demolition blast has been widely used in the field of demolition with its distinctive superiority; On the other hand, we are facing all kinds new structure types, tall buildings and adverse blasting circumstances. Frequently accidents have been generated by lack of theoretical guide and analogical experience, causing unnecessary loss.The paper carries out a systematic deep-going theoretic study, experimenting study and engineering application study. Structural demolition and blasting seismic effect have been dealt with and a calculating program has been made for predicting blast vibration. In the following are the main achievements: (1) Summing up the blast theories of solid media, the paper probe into the modes and blast parameter of blast demolition of buildings and factory structures. A corresponding model of collapse mechanics has been built and collapse conditions and movement laws of collapse have been reaped after the systematic study of the collapse process during the directional blasting of masonry barrel structure and reinforced concrete barrel structure. It has great theoretical and practical value for structural demolition. Furthermore, it can be directly applied in designing.(2) Applying the theory put forward in the paper to the directional demolition design of huge, low, and major diameter water tower made of reinforced concrete, employing shapes of blasting notches different from the normal ones[ 2, 99] and breaking the usual limit that the notch is as 1~2 time high as the wall thickness contribute to good demolition effects.<WP=7>(3) The functioning principle of shock wave in water-infusion blast has been brought to light by using structural dynamic mechanic laws. The computational formula of the explosive loading quantity in water pressure blasting demolition has been derived from the conditions of structural destruction. A geometrical relation equation, which should be satisfied among the neighboring explosive packages, has been obtained under the special condition of multi-package arrangement over the same circumference in a vessel.(4) As to the theory of blast testing technology, the paper discusses the testing fundamental of slit speedy smear photography. For the first time it puts forward the formula for calculating the velocity and projection angle of the two-dimensional motion particle, which makes the study field of slit speedy smear photography develop from mono-dimension to two-dimension.(5) As to the experimenting study of cumulative charge explosion, the study sets up a system of biplane mirror with a angle. And the system has been used to study the movement of the particles on the inner surface of cone-shaped cover. For the first time, it records the real movement of particles and achieves the exponent accelerating law of the particles movement.(6) In the theoretic calculation of blast projection angles, the same hypothesis with P.C.Chou and J.Cardeone has been adopted and an identical calculating formula with P.C.Chou and J. Cardeone’s has been obtained by using strict integral.(7) Terrific blasting effects have been reaped through reasonable choice of explosive quantity,更多还原