美国城市经理制

【作者】 李壮松；

【导师】 王旭；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 专门史， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 正式确立于19世纪末20世纪初进步运动时期的美国三大市政体制在20世纪经历了多次调整与改革。在此过程中，委员会制逐步衰落；市长暨议会制虽无较大起落，但其主要形式已过渡为“强市长型”；城市经理制显示出强大的生命力，它有效地改善了市政管理，适应了城市发展的需要，被越来越多的城市相继采用，成为美国城市中采用面最广的市政体制。在城市经理制得到较普遍认可的同时，其所倡导和实践的专业化、科学化的城市管理理念也逐渐成为政府管理领域的共识，对其他的地方政府体制产生了重要而广泛的影响。本文拟在对城市经理制的确立与发展进行整体探讨的基础上，对城市经理制的内部机制及其演化进行深入分析，力图揭示城市经理制长足发展、经久不衰的主要原因，探索美国市政体制的发展规律，为我国学界相关研究提供参照。 本文序言对美国市政体制进行了简要介绍，重点阐述了城市经理制在美国市政体制中的重要地位，点明研究城市经理制的理论与现实意义，并简要评述了国内外对城市经理制的研究状况，指出本文将从历史学视角出发，参照美国学者从政治学、行政学角度出发的研究成果，对城市经理制从纵横两个方向进行综合研究。 第一部分主要在梳理城市经理制确立与发展的基本原因和历史背景基础上，厘清城市经理制确立和发展的基本脉络。第一章回顾了美国19世纪末以前城市化的进程；第二章论述了市政体制早期的发展和19世纪后半期城市老板僭权；第三、四章论述了进步运动时期的市政体制改革；第五章阐释了城市经理制之父——理查德·蔡尔斯对城市经理制的理论贡献；第六、七章对城市经理制的诞生及其基本发展脉络进行了分析和综述。 第二部分从体制分析的角度研究、探讨城市经理制的基本特点，以及在实践中城市经理制所遇到的挑战，进一步分析城市经理制在发展历程中为适应社会发展所进行的调整。目的在于阐明城市经理制这一市政体制的合理性和优越性。第一章论述城市经理制确立之初的基本原则和理念；第二章论述城市经理制在实践中所遇到的挑战；第三章论述城市经理制的一些适应性变化，并进行了相关的典型分析；第四章分析了采纳城市经理制的城市地区分布、城市规模等相关特点；第五章对放弃城市经理制的情况，尤其是对其原因进行了分析和阐述；第六章论述了城市经理制的专业化管理特色对其他地方政府体制的影响。 第三部分从对以城市经理为主的地方政府管理专业发展历程进行探讨的角度出发， 中文摘要揭示地方政府管理专业走向成熟的过程，强调专业化管理对地方政府管理的巨大影响。第一章论述了城市经理制职位的确立及早期城市经理的基本情况和作用，凸现城市经理职位设立的重要意义Z第二章在说明地方政府经理人发展基本情况的基础上，展示了地方政府管理专业逐步走向成熟和地方政府经理人专业素质不断提高的过程；第三章对城市经理在城市管理中的作用进行了阐释，着重分析了城市经理决策地位的变化与发展；第四章在阐明城市经理制下市长作用的同时，对城市经理和市长在城市管理中的作用和相互关系进行了分析，阐明了正确发挥市长作用的必要性；第五章对地方政府专业管理人员的组织——国际城市／县管理协会的创立与发展，以及协会对地方政府专业化管理的椎动作用进行了阐释。 结语部分总结了城市经理制长盛不衰的根本原因，籍此阐述了作者对市政体制设置的一些认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 Three major American municipal government forms-city-manager plan, mayor-council plan and commission plan were officially established in the progressive movement at the turn of last century which underwent numerous adjustments and changes in the 20th century. Compared with commission plan and mayor-council, the city-manager plan has proved very successful by improving performance of municipal administration effectively to meet the need of city development, and has been widely adopted by various sizes of cities. Today, city-manager plan has become the most popular system of local government for communities with populations of 2,500 or more. The ideas of professional, scientific management it promotes and practices has become general trend of local government administration and greatly influenced other forms of local government. This dissertation, by tracing the dynamics of this plan, attempts to highlight the main reasons of its popularity, and explore the law guiding the development of American municipal government, so as to provide some reference for some related research and urban governance in China.Part one probes into the contributing factors to the formation and growth of city-manager plan, and demonstrates how the plan grows from the formative year to present. The first two chapters look back the urbanization and status of American municipality before the end of 19th century; and discuss the city boss in the latter part of 19th century; following two chapters discusses American municipal reform in the progressive movement; chapter five analyzes the theoretical contribution of Richard Childs-father of city-manager plan; the last two chapters highlight the establishment and growth of city-manager plan.Part two analyzes the basic features of the city-manager plan, challenges and adjustments to the plan in practice from institutional perspective, to demonstrate its rationality and advantages. The first three chapters discuss the original rules and ideas, challenges and adaptive changes of the plan in practice, especially illustrated by related typical analysis; chapter four analyzes the general character of the cities which adopted city-manager plan, such as city size, area distribution, etc.; chapter five analyzes abandonment of city-manager plan, particularly its causation; chapter six discusses the professional management advocated by city -manager plan, and influence over other forms of local government.Part three traces the evolution of the local government management profession dominated by city manager, opens out its maturing process, and stresses great influence of professional management to local government. Chapter one discusses the creation of city manager position, the status and role of early city manager, highlights the significance of the position; chapter two traces the evolution of local government management profession, demonstrates the improving proficiency course of local government manager; chapter three analyzes the role of city manager in governmental process, especially transformations of city manager’s involving policy making; chapter four analyzes the mayoral role in city manager government comparing with that of city manager and relationship between two actors, points out the necessity of mayoral role with propriety; chapter five reviews the foundation and development of ICMA, explains motivating influence this organization has on professionalism of local government management.Epilogue summarizes the fundamental causation contributing to the enduring success of city -manager plan, and sets forth the author’s understanding about the setting of municipal government forms.更多还原