【作者】 熊哲宏；

【导师】 李其维； Jacques Vonèche；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本文研究的出发点是：鉴于皮亚杰早期思想形成过程中的康德背景以及他的认知发展理论中浓重的康德色彩，对于认知发展学家来说，不厘清皮亚杰与康德认识论、特别是康德先天范畴体系的关系，就不可能真正理解皮亚杰理论(特别是其发展理论)。因而我们研究的目标是：深入阐明并合理地重构皮亚杰理论与康德先天范畴体系的内在联系，从而进一步科学地把握皮亚杰理论的理论渊源、学科性质、基本特征及未来发展方向。 于是本文研究的主要意义在于：有助于我们明确皮亚杰理论的主攻方向、实质内容、突出贡献以及未来发展的趋势。简要地说，康德的“先天”范畴是皮亚杰理论的起点。皮亚杰早年为他的理论所确立的主攻方向是康德意义上的“范畴”之个体发生研究。皮亚杰理论的实质内容也就是对于认知发展具有普遍意义的“范畴”之个体发生和发展。而从儿童的“活动”中追溯范畴的起源进而超越康德的先验论，是皮亚杰对揭示人类理性发展之秘密的突出贡献之所在。对于认知发展的未来研究来说，皮亚杰的研究和结论仍然具有普遍的指导意义。此外，还有助于消除通常人们在阅读皮亚杰过程中所具有的困惑甚至误解。只要我们懂得了皮亚杰的康德主义的理论背景和基本思路，那些困惑我们的许多难题便会迎刃而解。 本文的写作思路和论述过程，大致上分三个部分。第一部分属于皮亚杰的康德背景的历史考察以及皮亚杰理论与康德先天范畴体系的内在联系的研究。皮亚杰说：“我把康德的知性范畴拿来重新考察了一番，于是形成了一门学科——发生认识论。”尽管皮亚杰早期所受到的影响是多方面的，但对于皮亚杰建构论本质上的理性主义特征来说，康德的影响比任何一位历史上的思想家的作用都要大。皮亚杰理论所提出的问题，它解决这些问题的方式和途径，它所要达到的最终认识论后果等，都与康德有着密切的联系甚至相似性。 皮亚杰理论的总体框架是康德式的或康德主义的。将皮亚杰理论与康德的“先天”概念、“先验心理学”和“先验逻辑”相比较，便可发现与这三者均有明显的相似性，同时又有实质性的区别：(1)皮亚杰用“发展的先验论”取代康德的“先天建构论”。皮亚杰本人从不否认发生认识论的“先验的”维度。主体的建构以先前已有的“内部条件”为前提。皮亚杰并不完全否定康德的“先天”概念，他甚至接受其中的一种或二种涵义。皮亚杰显然是首先接受逻辑上先天的概念，也就是康德作为“普遍的和必然的”意义上的先天。皮亚杰还接受康德先天概念的另一个含义，即主体运算建构意义上——认识主体对知识作出贡献的意义上——的先天。然而，皮亚杰拒绝接受康德先天概念中的“时间上的先天性”这一方面。尽管皮亚杰坚持认为某些范畴对于知识(特别是科学知识)是必要的这一康德主义观点，但他从一开始就不相信康德范畴的固定性和终极性。(2)与康德的“先验心理学”有明显的相似之处。这种相似性直接关系到我们对发生认识论的学科性质的理解。发生认识论是以“认识论主体”为对象的“实验哲学”。皮亚杰的理论目标不是建立一种普通的经验心理学理论。它的出发点虽是哲学上的，但其学科性质却是科学的，而不再是传统的哲学学科。发生认识论首先是一门科学并具有“跨学科的”特征。发生认识论——像康德一样——也是归属于哲学(或形而上学)和经验心理学之间的某种中介性的东西。发生认识论既是先验的、必然的，又是经验的、实证的。(3)“心理逻辑学”与康德的“先验逻辑”有着明显的相似之处。除了纯符号逻辑(或公理化逻辑)和推理的心理过程(或自然思维)之外，还有某种中介性的东西——心理逻辑。心理逻辑的中介性质表现在：心理逻辑(与逻辑和心理学都有关)类似于数学物理学(与数学和物理学有关)。与“先验逻辑”的区别在于：心理逻辑是以主体动作或运算为内容的意义逻辑；心理逻辑是关于“运算”的形式化理论；心理逻辑是形式和内容相统一的辩证逻辑。 皮亚杰理论研究的主要内容也是康德意义上的概念或范畴的发生和发展。将皮亚杰理 论与康德先天范畴体系的比较研究表明，皮亚杰理论对康德范畴体系进行了实质性的发生学 改造或发展的转换：（）皮亚杰范畴体系的基本特征：皮亚杰范畴研究的领域及侧重点随着 年代的推移略有变化；（2）皮亚杰范畴体系与康德“范畴表”之间的内在联系：u）皮亚 杰与康德范畴表在总体分类上几乎是完全相似的。皮亚杰总体上把范畴划分为两大类，即逻 辑数学范畴和物理范畴（或广义因果范畴）。这种划分的主要依据在于这两类范畴在性质上 根本不同。旧）范畴的辩证“整合”思想，皮亚杰和康德是完全相似的。（C）、皮亚杰范畴 研究与康德范畴体系是大致对应的。（D）、在对某些范畴的内涵的理解上，皮亚杰与康德有 许多共同之处。（3）皮亚杰范畴体系与康德先天范畴体系的本质区别：皮亚杰以范畴的“动 作”起源论取代了康德的“知性”起源论。这样皮亚杰就为知识、特别是作为知识的必要条 件的范畴之起源，找更多还原

【Abstract】 The starting point of the doctorial dissertation is:In considering Kantian background in Piaget’s early thought formation and the strong Kantian color in his theory of cognitive development,for cognitive developmentalist it is impossible to comprehend Piaget’s theory (especially his development theory) if the relation between Piaget’s theory and Kant’s epistemology,especially Kant’s "a priori " categories system is not understood and distinguished. So our researching purpose is to thoroughly classify and reasonably reconstruct the inner link between Piaget’s theory and Kant’s a priori categories system,thus to have further scientific grasp of the theoretical origin,nature of the subject,essential features and the future developing direction of Piaget’s theory.So the significance of this dissertation is to contribute to making us clear Piaget’s main theoretical direction of research,the central point of the content,the outstanding contribution and the developing trend in the future. Briefly speaking,Kant’s "a priori " categories are the starting point of Piaget’s theory. The direction of research set by Piaget in his early years is ontogenesis research of "categories" in Kantian meaning. And the central point of Piaget’s theory is the individual genesis and development of "categories",which is of general sense for cognitive development. Tracing back to the origin of the categories from children’s activities thus surpassing Kant’s apriorism in is Piaget’s outstanding contribution in revealing the secret of human reason development. Piaget’s research and his conclusion are still of universal instructive significance for the future research of cognitive development. Moreover,it is conducive to remove the usual puzzle and the misunderstanding which people have when they read Piaget. Most puzzling problems can be readily resolved once we understand the Piaget’s Kantian theoretical background and the basic train of thought.The train of thought or the argument of this thesis can be roughly divided into three parts. The first part is the historical investigation of Piaget’s Kantian theoretical background and the research of the inner link between Piaget’s theory and Kant’s a priori categories system. Piaget said:"I have reinvestigated Kant’s a priori categories system and created a discipline- Genetic Epistemology." Although Piaget was influenced in many ways in his early years,concerning the intrinsic rationalist quality of Piaget’s constructionism,the influence of Kant is profounder than any other thinker in history. The problems raised by Piaget,his solutions for them and the final effect of epistemology are all closely related to even have many similarities with Kant’ theory. The "mission" in Piaget’s youth could be summarized into " Logic is the morality of thought," which meant to inquire into the relation between "science" ("logic") and "morality" (or "faith"). He suggested substituting a "rational faith" in "a God that increasingly forms one body with the world,that is,with reason and its cadres" for Kant’s "faith" in the existence of a transcendental realm. He advocated substituting "historical-critical method" for Kant’s "critique of pure reason". Kant’s "critique",namely direct "reflective analysis" of science in a particular time," has been proved definitely inferior"(because Kant completely separate psychogenetics- only defining the emerging order of " categories "and accidentally having been awared of - from epistemology).Piaget spent all his life trying to answer a classic problem of epistemology raised by Kant:how could the accord between subject’s idea and empirical object-in Kant’s words,the necessary accord between experience got from empirical intuition and concepts of empirical object,be possible? Piaget usually regarded the problem as "paradoxical accord between thought and the universe","the surprising convergences between mathematical deduction and experiences","amazing accord between mathematics and physics". He called it the crucial question of "western thought" from Descartes,Lei更多还原