【作者】 李媛；

【导师】 黄希庭；

【作者基本信息】 西南师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 虽然日常生活中，“自立”一词经常被提到，但从心理学角度对它加以研究却甚少见到。对大学生自立意识的研究，不仅拓展了大学生心理研究的内容，对大学生自我发展有进一步的认识，而且对大学生健全人格的培养、自身潜能的开发提供了一个新的入手点。自立意识的研究具有重要的理论意义，也具有重大的实践价值。 由于自立研究的资料少见，决定了本研究的初步性与探索性。在前期研究的基础上，本研究依据理论分析，提出自立是个体自我健康发展的结果，自立意识是个体对自身自立状态的评价，它具有概念与动力的两重性。并在此基础上，通过问卷法、口语报告法，考查了大学生自立意识的结构；采取问卷法与行为取样法对不同自立意识大学生的特点进行了研究；采用专家方法、回归分析与教育实验探讨了了影响大学生自立意识形成的因素。围绕大学生自立意识的理论的提出与实证，全文共分为四个部分。 第一部分·理论研究 自立一词最早见于中国古代文献《礼记》，在西方心理学中尚没有与之词义完全对应的词汇，因此自立是一个本土化的概念。本部分按照从古代到现代、从东方到西方的原则从三个方面对自立及与自立相关概念的理论与研究进行回顾。在传统文化的文献回顾中，以传统儒家为代表提出了人的自立需要源于本性，人的自立有不同的规格并且可以进行培养。在回顾了西方与我国心理学的有关研究，提出对自立研究的启示如下：自立是个体在发展过程中逐渐与环境(他的原始依赖物)取得协调一致的状态，即有独立的自我又与他人保．持联系。自立是一个动态的过程，是随个体的发展而发展的。自立的心理结构可能是多维度、多层次的。在文献探讨的基础上提出了自立意识的有关理论假设和研究构想。 第二部分·大学生自立意识的实证 在实证部分是围绕自立意识的心理结构 博士学位论文：大学生自立意识的初步研究 与影响因素进行。根据理论假设、前期研究与开放式问卷，编制了由三个分量表 组成的大学生自立意识问卷，对711名大学生的问卷资料的因素分析获得自立意 识的测量模型，与理论模型基本吻合，对问卷进行了构念效度、效标效度和内容 效度的检验，结果表明：门）自编的大学生自立意识问卷有较好的信度与效度。u） 心理自立意识量表有3个维度7个因素，即认知维度（独立思考、独立性、自我 效能评价）、情感维度（情绪体验与情绪调节）、意志维度（坚定性与自我控制）。 经济自立意识量表有2个维度5个因素，即生存经济意识（勤工助学、金钱观、 资源分配）、职业生涯意识（就业准备与职业预测）。社会自立意识量表有4个因 素，理想、人际关系、责任感和角色意识等。 为了进一步验证理论构想，对不同自立意识水平的大学生的行为特点、自我 特点与人际关系特点进行了探讨。对32名大学生的行为进行经验取样分析，结果 发现高自立意识的大学生表现出较多的自主与自控行为，更积极地参加社团活动 与集体性活动，在自由支配时间内更愿意去上自习。对459名大学生进行问卷测 量，结果如下：（1）高自立意识的学生有更积极的自我概念；（2）高自立意识的 学生具有定向型的自我同一性。（3）高自立意识的学生在遇到挫折时，多采取问 题解决等成熟的应对方式；（4）高自立意识的学生人际关系更为和谐。 在影响因素的研究中，采取专家方法与回归分析方法确定出影响自立意识的 主要因素有自我概念，然后针对自我概念，设计出改善自我概念的一系列团体辅 导活动。结果显示，自立意识水平有所提高。 第三部分·总的讨论结合理论与实证研究的结果，从静态与动态两个方面 对大学生自立意识的有关问题进行了综合分析，提出了自立意识的两重性特性， 自立意识结构开放性和动态性，提出自立意识形成的内化说，并反省了研究中存 在的问题，提出今后研究的方向。 第四部分·结论本研究采用了相关研究、临床研究与实验研究的三种方法， 从理论上与实证上探讨了自立意识这一全新的研究课题，对自立的概念、自立的 结构、自立的影响因素及可能的形成机制等一系列问题进行了初步研究，并得到 了有意义的结论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Although "self-supporting" is usually seen in the social literature or heard in daily life, it is rarely researched in the psychology perspective. The study on the self-supporting consciousness of college student is significant because through the study, not only the contents of college student psychology has been expanded, the self-development has been further understood, but also a new view has been provided on the cultivation of healthy personality and potential exploitation of college student .Thus, a study on self-supporting is very important in theory and in practice.The study is initiating ,for the reference of self-supporting is lack of .On the bases of previous study and the theoretical analysis, the study has put forward that self-supporting is the result of the positive development of the self; the consciousness of self-supporting is a self-value on oneself self-supporting state; the concept has duality that is both conceptual and dynamic. By means of questionnaire, verbal report, the mental structure of self-supporting has been studied; through questionnaire and experiment-sampling procedure ,the character of the college students with different self-supporting consciousness level has been studied; by means of expert method, regression analysis and educational experiment, influencing factors of self-supporting has been studied. Four parts are included into a theoretical and empirical research upon the self-supporting consciousness.Part I Theoretical research the concept of self-supporting,which was first published in <Li Ji>,an ancient book of China, is an indigenous term, because it has no equivalent in western psychology. This part is a review on theory and research,which is relevant to the concept from three aspects: ancient ,western and modern China. The traditional cultural literature mainly studies the view of self-supporting of Confucian, and the main conclusion is that the self-supporting need is congenital, there are different levels of self-supporting ,and it can be cultivated. The modern psychological literature ,relevant to it, of Western and China, get to the illuminations that self-supporting is a harmonious state which has been got to gradually within one’s development; a state that one has both the independent self and dependent relation to others. Self-supporting is a dynamic process, develops with development. The mental structure of self-supporting is multidimensional and multihierarchical .Self ,with adjusting function is possibly the important factor which influences the formation of self-supporting consciousness. On the basis of the review of literature, theoretical hypothesis and research plan has been put forward.Part II Empirical research All the studies have been carried on to testify the hypothesis of the mental structure of the concept and the influencing factors. College student self-supporting consciousness questionnaire ,which is included three subscales, has been compiled ,according to the hypothesis, former study and opening investigation. Factor analysis to investigating data of seven hundred and eleven students obtained the measurement model ,which is most agree with the theoretical model. Then theoretical ,content, criterion validity has been testified. The conclusion is reached:(l) college student self-supporting consciousness questionnaire has good reliability and validity.(2) the mental self-supporting scale has three dimensions and five factors that is cognitive, emotion and will dimension, economic self-supporting scale has two dimensions and five factors, that is existent and developing dimension. Social self-supporting scale has four dimensions ,which are ideal, relationship, responsibility and role.In order to testify the hypothesis, college student characters, of behavior, self, relationship has been researched ,who has different levels of self-supporting. By making an analysis of behavior of thirty-two students with the method of experiment-sampling process, the conclusion is reached: students with high level consciousness have more auto更多还原