【作者】 陈少华；

【导师】 郑雪；

【作者基本信息】 华南师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本研究的目的在于考察不同认知任务中人格特质对信息加工的影响。其中人格特质主要包括外倾性和神经质，这两个维度分别与大脑皮层的唤醒水平和情绪的稳定性密切相关；信息加工主要围绕信息选择、通达及提取三个阶段展开。根据实验设计的要求，本研究在信息加工的不同阶段分别采用了不同的认知任务，这些任务包括词性辨别、注意探测、语词辨认学习、线索回忆、语词匹配以及再认和自由回忆等。研究中我们用EPQ共测试了703名大学生，并从中筛选出367名符合测试标准的大学生作为实验被试，这些被试由低神经质(Ss)、高神经质(Ns)、内倾者(Is)、外倾者(Es)、低神经质—外倾者(SEs)、低神经质—内倾者(SIs)、高神经质—外倾者(NEs)以及高神经质—内倾者(NIs)等8种人格特质类型组成。研究结果如下： 一、人格特质影响了被试选择性加工，加工偏向是极端特质被试的认知加工特性。无论是单一刺激条件还是双重刺激条件下，Ns对负性词、Ss对正性词、Is对内向词以及Es对外向词都表现出明显的选择性偏向，研究证实了特质一致性效应的存在，除特质类型以外，刺激词的呈现时间以及任务难度也影响了加工偏向的个体差异。当刺激词以0.5s的速率呈现时，Ns对所有刺激词的RT都比Ss更快；而当呈现速率增至1.0s时，Es对所有词性的反应速度均明显快于Is。与单作业任务相比，双作业任务对认知加工偏向的个体差异影响更显著，如果从被试的RT指标分析，双作业任务中Ss对所有情绪效价词的反应均比Ns快，而Es对所有刺激词的反应也都普遍快于Is。从被试的自由回忆成绩进行分析，各类被试对与自己人格类型相关的特质词均表现出一种明显的回忆偏向。 二、唤醒水平影响了不同特质被试的信息通达，研究从多维的角度验证了Schwartz的唤醒—通达假设。在信息编码和通达过程中，NIs主要集中于语词的物理属性，SEs主要集中于语词的语义属性。在无情境诱发条件下，SEs在VDL任务中对同义词的辨认错误率明显高于NIs，而其线索回忆成绩又明显优于NIs；对于同音词的辨认和回忆，实验结果在两类被试身上发生反转。研究还发现，被试唤醒(特质)和项目唤醒(状态)对信息通达有相似的效果，在咖啡唤醒状态下，NEs和SIs信息通达的效果与NIS接近。在语词匹配任务中，语音匹配条件对NIs产生的启动量显著大于对驼s的启动量：而在语义及分类匹配条件下石k的RT明显快于＊s。在各种匹配条件下，SOA的长短均没有影响被试的RT。在任务分离范式条件下，当背景词呈现时间为60ms，SEs语义匹配的错误再认率显著高于物理匹配，而NIs在背景词与测试词有相同的物理匹配时所产生的错误再认率最高；当背景词呈现时间为120ms时，所有被试在非匹配条件下错误再认率最高。 三、人格特质对信息提取的影响随记忆时间间隔的变化而变化，被试在意识提取和自动提取中都存在明显的个体差异。研究表明，无论是NIS还是SES，立即提取的效果均优于延缓提取的效果，不同实验材料在信息提取中遵循不同的衰减模式：SES对负性词的再认错误率最低，衰减最快，对正性词的提取成绩在最初30分钟内没有明显下降，30分钟后错误率迅速上升；对于NIS来说，两种词性的提取效果正好与SES相反；两类被试对中性词的提取没有显著差异。在VDL任务的自由回忆测试中，NIs对同音匹配词的回忆优势并不随间隔时间的变化而变化，SES对同义匹配词回忆与此类似。对于所有三类配对词，被试的遗忘主要发生在记忆间隔时间的前30分钟内，30分钟以后趋于平稳。当意识提取与自动提取分离以后，所有被试的自动提取贡献都显著大于意识提取的贡献，在对正性词的提取过程中，高、低神经质被试的自动提取表现出明显的个体差异，内、外倾被试对外向词自动提取的个体差异也十分明显。在两种提取中，被试对相关特质词的意识提取的个体差异不如自动提取显著。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper’s purpose is to explore the influences of personality traits on information processing in different cognitive tasks. The personality traits mainly include extroversion and neuroticism, which are related to arousal levels of cerebral cortex and to stability of emotion respectively. The process focused on three stages of information selection, accessibility and retrieval. According to the requirements of the experiments, this study adopted different cognitive tasks in the different stages, such as lexical identification, attentional probe, verbal discrimination learning, cued-recall, verbal matching, recognition and recall. In our investigation, we test 703 college students. Among those students, there are 367 students accord with the test demands by EPQ, who are low neuroticism (Ss), high neuroticism (Ns), introversion (Is), extroversion (Es), stability-extroversion (SEs), stability- introversion (SI), neuroticism- extroversion (NEs) and neuroticism-introversion (NIs). The main results are asfollows:Firstly, the personality traits effect selective processing of subjects, and processing bias is the character of cognitive processing in extremely subjects. Regardless of the experiment conditions are under single stimulus or double stimulus, the result will come up with their apparent selective bias, when Ns meet with negative words, when Ss meet with positive words, when Is meet with introversion words and when Es meet with extroversive words. And our study proves that there exist the trait-congruency effects. Besides the types of the personality traits, the presentation rates for the words and the difficulty of the task also affect the individual difference of cognitive bias. When the words appear at the 0.5s, the reaction time (RT) of Ns towards the words is faster than that of Ss. While the reaction speed of Es towards all types of words are rather higher than that of Is when the rate become 1.0s. Compared with single performance task, double task will make more apparent influence to individual differences of cognitive processing bias. If it is based on RT analysis, the reaction speed of Ss towards all the emotional valence words in double task situation is higher than Ns. Moreover, the reaction speed of Es towards all words is higher than Is. If it is based on the analysis of the free recall results, each one of these types presents a kind of obvious recall bias to the words that are related to their own personality traits.Secondly, arousal levels affect the accessibility of information among subjects of different trait types. This study verified the arousal-accessibility hypothesis of Schwartz in many aspects. In the process of the information coding and accessing, NIs concentrateon the physics attributes of the words and SEs concentrate on the semantic attributes. In the non-induced situation, the rate of SEs identification mistake to synonyms in verbal discrimination learning (VDL) is rather high than that of NTs, while the result of their clue-recall is much better than that of the Ms. The result of identification and recall of homonyms between them is on the contrary. What’s more, it is found that there are similar effect in information accessibility between subject arousal (trait) and item arousal (state). If they are aroused by coffee, the effects of information accessibility of NEs and Sis are closed to that of NIs. hi the verbal matching task, the prime of NTs is much more than that of SEs under the homonyms matching condition; while in the semantic and classified matching condition, the RT of SEs is rather shorter than that of NIs. In all kinds of matching condition, the lengths of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) have no affects to the RT. In task dissociation paradigm, if the present time of the context words is 60ms, the rate of false recognition for the SEs towards the semantic matching are mush higher than that of homonyms matching. When the context words and the testing words have the same homonyms matching, the rate of false recognition reaches its highest point; but更多还原