【作者】 谢瑞芝；

【导师】 董树亭； 胡昌浩；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本研究搜集了我国夏玉米主产区的34个基因型玉米（24个推广杂交种，4个特用玉米和6个骨干自交系），进行水培试验、盆栽砂培试验和大田试验，对不同基因型玉米的硫效率进行鉴定和筛选。在此基础上，选择鲁玉16（代表对硫肥敏感的类型）和农大108（代表对硫肥不敏感的类型）两个硫效率差别比较大的基因型做试验材料进行池栽试验。试验采用田间试验与控制条件相结合、常规生理测定与³⁵S示踪技术相结合的研究方法，对取得的数据进行了统计分析和检验。研究内容包括：玉米根系硫素吸收动力学参数，玉米硫效率的基因型差异，硫素对玉米N、P、K等营养元素吸收利用的影响，硫素对玉米产量、品质的影响，以及硫素对玉米生理、生化指标的影响等。主要研究结果如下： 1．玉米幼苗根系硫素吸收动力学参数V_max和K_m的差别很大，通过聚类分析，将参试的34个基因型划分为4类：类型1，高V_max和低K_m；类型2，高V_max和高K_m；类型3，低V_max和低K_m；类型4，低V_max和高K_m。 2．不同基因型玉米的硫素吸收量和籽粒产量差别均很大，但是产量与根系吸收动力学参数没有明显的相关关系。对施用硫肥后玉米硫素积累量和籽粒产量的变化进行聚类分析，也将34个基因型划分为4类。以两种指标进行的聚类分析，相对应的类型包括的基因型完全一致，只是同种类型的基因型间的相对距离略有不同。由此推断，不同基因型玉米对施用硫肥的响应程度与根系硫素吸收动力学参数存在密切联系，根系硫素吸收动力学参数可以作为鉴定玉米对硫肥反应的指标。参照两种分类的指标，将玉米对硫肥吸收类型分为四种：硫素特敏感型，全部为自交系；硫素敏感型；硫素较敏感型和硫素迟钝型。 3．施用硫肥增加了植株硫素吸收总量，但降低了硫素利用效率。通径分析表明，在籽粒产量与硫素吸收量、硫素利用效率的关系中，无论是相关系数还是直接通径系数，硫素吸收总量总是大于硫素利用效率，说明玉米的硫素吸收利用过程由吸收阶段决定。在34个参试基因型中，自交系和甜玉米的籽粒产量低，单株的硫素－2－锄4这：玉米基因型的硫效率差异及氰硫互作对产量、品质影一的研究吸收总量低，而且硫素利用效率低，属于硫素利用低效类型。杂交种可以划分为3类：硫素吸收总量高，硫素利用效率低的基因型；吸收硫素总量低，硫素利用效率高的基因型：以及硫素吸收总量和硫素利用效率均在二者之间的中间类型。 4．施用硫肥促进了玉米对凡P、K的吸收，提高了肥料的利用效率，碱少了肥料的流失，适应保护生态环境和维持可持续发展的要求。硫肥对玉米不同营养元素吸收利用的影响不完全相同，受到遗传因素的影响，同一营养元素的吸收也存在基因型差异。施用硫肥后，自交系提高了N、P、K的经济系数和生产效率。对杂交种而言，施用硫肥后氮素的经济系数提高，以籽粒产量为基础的生产效率也略有增加：磷素生产效率都有不同程度的降低。钾素的变化比较复杂，有些基因型表现为降低，有些则提高。 5．硫肥的施用可以提高玉米植株的生产效率，增加干物质产量，促进光合产物向籽粒运输，收获指数略有增加，最终提高了玉米籽粒产量。在氮肥供应水平比较高的条件下，硫肥的效果更为明显。硫肥的施用对籽粒粒重的影响不大，主要是增加了穗粒数。不同基因型玉米穗粒数的变化原因各不相同：多数基因型玉米穗粒数增加的主要原因是增加了行粒数；有些基因型玉米的穗行数和行粒数均衡增加；也有少数基因型主要是增加了穗行数。 6．硫肥的施用改善了玉米籽粒品质。籽粒的总蛋白质含量提高，清蛋白和谷蛋白的比例增加：籽粒中氨基酸的含量增加，其中含硫氨基酸和人体必需氨基酸如蛋氨酸、眈氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸等的含量增加，而天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和游离态氨的含量减少。微量元素、粗脂肪、粗灰分、油分和可溶性糖的含量也都得到了不同程度的提高，淀粉的含量降低，但是支链淀粉在总淀粉中的比例提高。虽然两种氮肥水平下施用硫肥对玉米籽粒品质的改善都有一定的作用，氮肥供应水平高时，硫肥的效果更为明显。 7．硫肥的施用，增加了玉米的叶面积和比叶重，提高了功能叶片中可溶性蛋白和光合色素的含量，叶片的光合速率提高。施用氮肥和硫肥提高了RuBPCase，PEPCase，NR，GS的活性，但是降低了GDH的活性。施用氮肥可以提高ATPS和OASS的活性，而施用硫肥则降低了ATPS和OASS的活性。硫肥的施用协调了不同生理生化过程，充分利用生长因素，从而提高了产量，改善了品质。 8．不同硫效率的玉米对施用硫肥的反应趋势一致，但是鲁玉16对硫肥比较敏感，对环境中硫肥供应水平的依赖性比较强，施用硫肥后各项指标变动比较大，增产幅度也比较大，对硫肥的利用效率高：而农大108对土壤硫素供应状况的适应性比较好，在硫肥供应水平比较低的环境下，仍然能够维持相对正常的生长，施用硫肥后的增产幅度较小，对硫肥的利用效率低。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to elucidate the difference of sulfate efficiency among genotypes of maize, 34 genotypes of maize had been collected (include 24 hybrids variety, 4 special purpose hybrids, and 6 inbreeds) from different areas of china in 2000. Through hydroponics experiment, sand experiment and field experiment, the sulfate efficiency had been appraisal and identify. Based on this studies, LY1 6 (as sensitive styles) andNDlOS (as insensitive styles) had been choose and planted on pool experiment in 2001, so the effect of N*S on maize grain’s yield and quality could been investigated. The studies were conducted in combining the field cultivation and control condition, and in combing the traditional physiological analysis and 35S isotope tracing method. Data of these studies were statistically analyzed and model simulating tested. The main approaches including the difference of the kinetic parameters of sulfate uptake and sulfate efficiency among maize genotypes, the effect of sulfate on nutrition elements’ uptake and utilization such as N, P and K, the effect of sulfate on grains’ yield and quality, and the effect on physiological characteristic of maize function leaf. The principal results were as follows:1 . The differences of kinetic parameters of sulfate among genotypes maize were highly significant. Through clustering assay, 34 genotypes had been partitioned 4 styles: li high V^ and low Km; 2, high Vmax and high Km; 3, low V and low Km; 4, low and high Km.2. The differences of sulfate uptake and grain yield among genotypes maize were also highly significant, but there were not distinct correlativity between the yield and the sulfate kinetic parameters. Based on the variety of sulfate uptake and yield between twosulfate treatment, through clustering assay, 34 genotypes had been partitioned 4 styles, and two kinds of partitioned were almost homology. The results indicated that the measurement of Sulfate uptake kinetic parameters could be used as a simple method for screening efficient sulfate uptake and utilization in maize. Refer to that indexes, maize sulfate uptake characteristic could been partitioned 4 styles: sulfate sensitive style; sulfates semi-sensitive style; sulfates insensitive style and sulfate special sensitive style (all were inbreeds) .3. Using the sulfurous fertilizer increased the total S uptake, but decreased the S utilization efficiency (SUE) . The results of passway assay indicated that the course of sulfate uptake and utilization was determined by uptake step, because the correlation coefficient between grains yield and total S uptake always more than which between grain yield and SUE. Among 34 maize genotypes, inbreeds and sweet maize had same characteristic: low grain yield, low total S uptake and low SUE, which was low sulfate utilization efficiency style. 28 hybrids could be partitioned 3 styles: high total S uptake, low SUE style; low total S uptake, high SUE style; and the other were third style.4. Using the sulfurous fertilizer promoted N, P, K uptake, increased the fertilizer utilization efficiency and decrease the loss of fertilizer, which were propitious to environment protection. The effect of sulfate on nutrition elements uptake and utilization were difference, and it were also been effect by inherit factor, so there were difference among genotypes. Using the sulfurous fertilize, the N economic coefficiency (NEC ) and N utilization efficiency (NUE) increased; the P harvest index (PEC) and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of inbreed increased, PUE of hybrid decreased; the K harvest index( KEC )and K utilization efficiency( KUE)of inbreed increased, part of hybrids’ KHI and KUE decrease.5. Using the sulfurous fertilizer promoted the production efficiency of maize plant, increased the accumulation of dry matters and the translocation of assimilates stored in nutrition organs to grains, increased the economic coefficiency ( EC ) , at last increased the grain yield of maize. The more N accommodate, the more evidence of the sulfurous fertilizer ef更多还原