【作者】 刘燕；

【导师】 王锡桐；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 农业经济及管理， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本文是关于贵州省土地资源可持续利用的研究。贵州省不仅是我国人地矛盾最尖锐的省份之一，而且是典型的生态脆弱区和全国突出的欠发达地区。由于人们长期掠夺式的开发利用，土地资源退化严重，生态环境日益恶化，并对该省土地资源利用的可持续性构成巨大威胁；该省位于长江及珠江上游分水岭地带，其严重的水土流失对下游地区的可持续发展危害极大。土地资源的可持续利用对促进该省及其下游地区可持续发展的意义重大。研究的总体思路是：总结、归纳已有研究成果，探讨土地资源可持续利用的基本范畴，构建实证研究和政策运用的理论基础；在理论体系的指导下，系统考察该省土地资源开发利用的自然及社会经济条件、土地资源特征、利用现状，揭示该省土地利用存在的问题及其后果；从自然、经济、社会三个方面系统、深入地剖析问题产生的主要原因；在此基础上，提出贵州省土地资源可持续利用的战略构想和切实可行的对策、建议及制度设计。主要研究结果如下： 1．明确土地资源可持续利用的基本范畴，为土地资源可持续利用实践提供科学的理论指导。在归纳、总结国内外目前有关土地资源可持续利用定义的基础上，笔者认为土地资源可持续利用的基本内涵就是在维持并不断提高土地资源和生态环境容量的前提下，遵循开发利用和整治保护相结合的原则，适度、充分、集约高效的利用土地，在持续满足人类生存发展需要的同时，实现土地生产力的不断提高、生态环境的日益改善和土地资本的积累增值。其实质是土地利用效率与公平时空的协调。土地资源可持续利用的实现必须同时遵循生产性、保护性、安全性、经济性、可接受性五项基本原则；土地资源可持续利用的动态性、区域性、空间尺度性、整体性特征是相关政策选择及调整的理论依据。 2．贵州省土地利用存在问题及其后果主要包括：①耕地减少势头难以遏制，后备土地资源缺乏，人地矛盾日益尖锐。贵州省耕地面积逐年递减的同时人口却在高速增长，人均耕地面积逐年下降。1993年到2000年该省生态退耕、农业结构调整、灾毁、非农建设占用耕地分别占耕地减少总量的 27．6兄 38．3兄 23．7巩和 10．4兄随着城镇化水平的提高、农业结构的调整、生态退耕的实施，耕地面积将继续减少：该省不仅后备耕地资源缺乏，分布零散，开发利用难度大，并极易诱发水土流失，生态环境代价巨大。人口基数大，又使人口增长速率在短时期内难以大幅度下降。因此贵州省人地矛盾将长期存在并日益尖锐。②上地利用结构不尽合理。较之于该省山多、坡陡的土地资源特征，土地垦殖过度，广阔的宜园、宜林、宜牧地利用不充分；建设用地水平偏低，且以农村居民用地占绝对优势；种植业内部以单一农业用地为主，有林地中又以马尾松和杉木纯林地占主导地位。③土地利用较粗放，土地生产力水平低，经济效益差。农地投入少，利用粗放，主要表现在以下几个方面：重用轻养现象普遍，部分地区更是只用不养；在毁林开荒，陡坡垦殖、陡坡耕地面积增加的同时，却有近一半的耕地是一年一熟（该省气候条件宜于农作物一年两熟或一年三熟），此外还有部分轮歇地，广大山区的土地利用仍处在靠天吃饭的状态：牧草地基本都天然草地，且以农民自然放牧为主；耕作方式落后，大都实施传统的顺坡耕作、并沿袭铲草皮烧灰积肥的陋习；农村能源单一，大部分农民仍以柴薪为主要燃料，过度樵采薪柴现象严重。城镇发展以外延扩展为主，且多占用平坝和缓坡耕地，小城镇和农村居民点用地又较浪费。中低产田土比重高（占耕地总面积的82．14们，目前粮食总产量仅为该省耕地光温水土生产潜力的54丸 单位面积产量仅为全国平均水平的 78％（199年）；因中低产林地比重较高（占有林地面积的 40．63％），尽管有林地面积占全省土地面积的42．S4％，较全国相同指标高出一倍，但单位活立木蓄积量仅 23m几a，不足全国平均值的 1乃；牧草地基本上都是低产牧地，己利用牧草地单位面积载蓄量仅0．85头牛单位巾a；低产园地占园地比重约为50饰 全省平均单位土地面积国内生产总值仅为全国平均值的67．08见 单位面积耕地、林地、牧地和渔业产值均低于全国平均水平。④土地退化严重，生态环境恶化。耕地总体质量呈下降趋势，建设项目“赶地上山”的恶性循环在使平坝缓坡上的良田好土不断减少的同时，陡坡劣质耕地不断增加，加上长期重用轻养，耕地质量损失严重；而大量坡耕地所造成的严重水土流失，又使本就瘠薄的土地更为贫瘠；目前该省原始的亚热带山地植被已多半逆向演替成次生灌丛和灌草丛植被，尽管有林地面积占该省土地总面积的42．84兄但森林覆盖率仅达23．13为有林地中成熟林和过熟林不且且仅面积小，且下降趋势明显；用材林中近、过、成熟林资源更濒临枯竭，蓄积量还达不到1979年的水平。全省每年劣向演化的草地数量达0．8万ha。水土流失严重，目前水土流失面积占土地总面积的 41．6％，土壤年侵蚀量 2，8亿 t，年平均侵蚀模数1621．gi／km’，相当于每年流失掉2．67万ha耕地的耕作层和25万t的氮肥。水土更多还原

【Abstract】 Guizhou is not only one of province with the most sharp contradictory between population and land in china, but also is a typical acceptability and conspicuous undeveloped region. Because people develop and use land in plunder way, land resources degenerate seriously, ecological environment are getting worse, and heavily threaten sustainable utilization for land resources. Guizhou province covers the water shed of the upper reaches of Changjiang and Zhujiang rivers, serious soil and water losses heavily harm the sustainable development for the watershed of the lower reaches. Sustainable use for land resources is very important to sustainable development of the water shed in lower reaches of the two rivers of Guizhou province. The general consideration for this study is to summarize and conclude existing studied results, to explore the basic category for land resources of sustainable use, establish a theoretical foundation for proving study and policy undergoing. Directed by the theoretical system, a survey was made on the natural, social and economic conditions of the land resources, to reveal the existing problems from natural economic and social aspects. On the bases of the study to provide strategic idea and practical countermeasures and suggestion and Institution design for sustainable use land resources in Guizhou province, the main results are as below. 1. Defined the basic category for land resources sustainable use, provide satisfactorily theoretic guidance for practice of sustainable land use.based on making summarize and conclusion on the definition now inner and outside sustainable use for land resources, the writer recognizes the basic intension for sustainable land use is, first of all, on the basis of to keep and continuously raise capacity of land recourse and ecological environment, based upon the principle that development and use have to combined with protection and management, to use land in reasonable, full, high effective and intensive way. When meet the need for people live to realize of increasing land productivity, improving ecological environment, increasing land capital accumulation. The substance is to bring the effective of land use into harmony with fair in period and space. To realize land sustainable use must follow with five principles, that is, productivity, protection, safety, economy and acceptability. The characteristics in dynamicstate, region, space size, entirety for land resources sustainable use is a theoretical base for choosing and adjusting the concern policy.2. Existing problems and consequences in land use include in Guizhou province ?Stop farm land area decreasing in difficulty, shortage of reserve land. In Guizhou province, with farmland area decreasing year by year, population increasing in high speed, per capital farm land area has been decreased year by year. The percentages of decreased farmland, caused by returned the developed land back into ecologic environment, agricultural structure adjustment, destroy by disaster, construction in out-off farm use, account to 27.6%, 38.3%, 23.7% and 10.4% of the total decreased area of farmland. The area of farmland will be decreasing continuously, following with the urbanization, adjustment in agricultural structure, farmland ecological recovery; This province is not only shortage of reserve farmland resources, with broken distribute and with difficult in development and use, it is easy to cause soil and water losses, to pay great cost as ecological environment. The large basic population courses that the speed of population increasing is hard to drop down rapidly in short time. Therefore, the contradictory between population and farmland will be kept for a long period.(2) Unreasonable constitution for land use. Compared with its characteristics in land resources with more mountains and steep sloop farmland, the land in Guizhou province is over farming, a broad land in appropriate for developing as plantation, forestry or pastureland is not used in full. The level of land for construction is lower, most o更多还原