【作者】 金滔；

【导师】 陈国邦；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 制冷及低温工程， 2001， 博士

【摘要】 热声压缩机(热声驱动器)是一种与常规机械式压机完全不同的新型压缩机，它没有机械运动部件，具有结构简单、运行可靠、无维修工作时间长等优点。采用热声压缩机取代常规的机械式压缩机来驱动脉管制冷机是一种新型的极具潜力的制冷方案，其中完全无运动部件，因而可望成为一种长寿命的低温制冷机。 本文首先回顾了热声热机的发展历史及最新成就，在详细介绍热声学理论基础以及热声机械设计原则之后，重点研究了以下若干问题： 1．驻波型热声驱动器 建立了我国第一台实用驻波型热声驱动器试验台，并进行了实验研究。在以氮气和氦气为工质，加热温度为400℃的情况下分别获得1.12和1.06的最大压比。着重研究了操作参数、结构参数以及工质等对系统性能的影响。针对加热器和冷却器存在的问题，对系统进行了有效的改进，实现了安全稳定运行。 2．热声振荡滞后回路 在系统地考察其它非稳态过程特性的基础上，首次提出并实验验证了热声起振和消振过程中存在“滞后回路”，并对滞后回路的影响因素进行了研究。此外，还发现热声起振和消振过程中的临界温度和临界功率都存在滞后现象。基于对滞后现象的分析，提出了一个混合驱动源热声驱动器的方案。 3．行波型热声驱动器 行波型驱动器是一种全新的热声装置。这种机型中由于经历的是可逆斯特林循环，它的能量转换效率较驻波型有本质性的提高，已经可以同传统的发动机(如内燃机)相媲美。在充分理解工作机理的基础上，与法国国家科研中心LIMSI实验室合作，设计并建成一台行波型热声驱动器实验装置，进行了初步实验，以氨气和氮气为工质，成功地获得了频率分别为66Hz和23Hz的热声振荡。还利用DeltaE对环路部分进行了数值模拟分析，着重讨论了系统的起振临界温度与临界加热功率、效率与加热温度的关系、喷射泵的作用以及不同工质(氮气和氦气)的比较等，得出一些有益的结论。最后，还对下一步的实验工作提出了一些具体方案和设想。 4．热声驱动脉管制冷机 在成功研制热声驱动器的基础上，对其与脉管制冷机(一种在低温端没有运动部件的新型的低浙江大学博士学位论文 金滔：热声驱动器及其驱动的脉管制冷研究2001年5月温制冷机）的联接进行了匹配分析，并搭建了热声驱动脉管制冷机的实验台，进行了系统的实验研究。针对不同的影响因素进行了优化实验，包括板叠填充率的优化、脉管的小孔及双向进气开度的优化、压力等。最新的实验结果己经进人低于120K的低温区域，达到了能进行天然气液化的水平，显示出该系统具有很强的应用前景。此外，还从普朗特数、频率和脉管性能等方面入手，探讨了氦－氖混合工质在热声驱动脉管制冷机系统中的作用效果，并进行了实验研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Thermoacoustic prime mover is an absolutely new type of compressor. Without any moving part, it occupies many advantages over the traditional mechanical compressors, such as simplicity, reliability, and vibration free for long non-maintenance operation. A pulse tube refrigerator driven by a thermoacoustic compressor, instead of a mechanical one, is expected to be a promising long-term-operation cryocooler, and it is even possible to replace the traditional cryocoolers, such as Stirling cycle refrigerator, in some applications.After a detailed review on the historical developments of the research on thermoacoustics, as well as the latest advances in this field, prospective applications, and a survey of theoretical fundamentals, the present work focuses on the following sections:1) Standing Wave Thermoacoustic Prime Mover An experimental setup of standing wave thermoacoustic prime mover has been built up with brass matrix as the thermoacoustic stack. It is a symmetrically heated system, achieving pressure ratios of 1.10 and 1.06 with nitrogen and helium as the working fluids, respectively. Experimental investigation has been made on the influence of the operating parameters, structure parameters, and working fluids on the performance of the system. Some latest improvements have been made on the heating system and the cold end heat exchanger to strengthen the system for safer operation.2) Hysteretic Loop Emphasis has also been focused on the onset and damping behavior of the thermoacoustic oscillation. Based on the acute review and analysis on the non-steady processes with hysteresis, a hysteretic loop is proposed and experimentally verified for the first time in the standing wave thermoacoustic prime mover. Hysteresis is not only found for the temperatures, due to the difference between the onset and damping temperatures, but also for the input heating power, i.e., the critical onset power is also different with the critical power for the damping process. A mixed-powered thermoacoustic prime mover concept is also presented in use of hysteresis, which may be helpful for the application of low-qualified energy to thermoacoustic machines.3) Traveling-Wave Thermoacoustic Prime Mover Also known as thermoacoustic Stirling engine, traveling-wave thermoacoustic prime mover is a newly proposed thermoacoustic system. Anexperimental setup has been designed and built up through a collaboration program between Cryogenics Laboratory in Zhejiang University and LIMSI-CNRS (France). The system employs the inherently reversible Stirling cycle, and then its thermodynamic efficiency can easily surpass that of standing-wave system and is even comparable to that of the traditional internal combustion engines. Recent experiments have succeeded in obtaining oscillations from the new system, with frequencies of 66Hz and 23Hz for the cases with helium and nitrogen as the working fluids, respectively. The traveling wave system is expected to be one of the good candidates as a driver for pulse tube refrigerator, leading to a thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator without any moving component. Some simulations with DeltaE has also been made to predict the performance of the system. At the end of this section, proposals and schemes are also given for the further experiments.4) ThermoAcoustically Driven Puke Tube Refrigerator(TADPTR) With the successful operation of the standing wave thermoacoustic prime mover, we transferred part of our efforts to the thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigeration, which is actually the original aim for our study on the thermoacoustic prime mover. First of all, we discussed the matching problems between a thermoacoustic prime mover and a pulse tube refrigerator, which is very important due to the remarkable differences between the operating characteristics of the two separate parts, such as operating frequency, pressure ratio, and phasing. An experimental apparatus has been constructed with the exist prime mover and a single-stage co-axial type更多还原