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GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究

【作者】 董亮

【导师】 朱荫湄; 小仓纪雄;

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 , 农业环境保护, 2001, 博士

【摘要】 非点源污染是一种间歇发生的,随机性、突发性、不确定性很强的复杂过程。而GIS技术具有高效、灵活、直观等优点,有着强大的空间数据处理能力。近年来,由于GIS技术的日益成熟,应用GIS技术已成为国内外水环境非点源污染研究的热点。本研究结合了Blackland GRASS GIS和非点源专业模型对西湖流域的水环境非点源污染作了研究,取得了以下成果: 对于西湖流域浅层地下水的研究表明:1)在所有的地下水样中,发现阴离子有7个明显的分布。基于等当量水平比较,阴离子的优势分 布分别为:Cl>NO3>HCO3>SO4(27%),Cl>NO3>SO4>HCO3(14%),HCO3>Cl>NO3>SO4(13%), HCO3>Cl>SO4>NO3(10%),HCO3>N03>Cl>SO4(9%),HCO3>NO3>SO4>Cl(6%),和 HCO3>SO4>Cl>NO3(5%)。与阴离子不同,阳离子在所有的地下水样品中都显示出唯一的特征 分布:Ca>Na>Mg>K>NH4。2)按照水化学特征,发现西湖流域浅层地下水可以划分为两组:位于流域西北部的Group1(Ca —SO4型)和东南部的Group2(Ca—HCO3型)。Group2的浓度普遍较Group1为高,如HCO3 (约4倍)、Ca和Na(约2倍),因此电导率也相对较高(约2倍)。3)西湖流域浅层地下水已经大范围的受到了硝酸盐污染的危胁,局部地区已存在严重污染。检测 到的硝酸盐浓度范围为<0.01-25.3mgN/L,均值为8.0mgN/L。大约有24%的水样超过了10mg N/L的WHO推荐标准,40个采样点中有14个点位(占35%)一次或多次超过了10mgN/L, 这一现象必须引起足够的重视。4)西湖流域浅层地下水硝酸盐空间分布的总体特征为:流域的南部区域硝酸盐浓度较高,主要在 玉皇山下的阔石板新村一带;其次流域的北部区域,栖霞岭居住区一带。林区内的地下水硝酸 盐浓度则普遍较低。5)比较流域内3种土地利用区域内的地下水水质,发现林区浅层地下水的离子浓度普遍较低,如 Na、Mg 、Cl等。在居住区,地下水显示了相对较高浓度的Na和Cl,这证实了居民生活污水 对当地浅层地下水的影响。农业区浅层地下水的硝酸盐平均水平最高,达10.16mgN/L。调查 中还发现,流域农业区浅层地下水有相对较高的Mg和SO4含量,这可能与当地的地质条件有 较大关系。6)调查发现,大多数浅层地下水样品的亚硝酸盐浓度低于检测限,但是其中约10%的样品超过了 0.02mgN/L的国家标准。这揭示了流域地下水的亚硝酸盐污染已较严重,应引起管理者的足够 重视。水稻田附近浅层地下水中的硝酸盐浓度不高(2.61-5.02mgN/L),但是观察到一个极大的 亚硝酸盐水平,达1.5mgN/L。反映了稻田区浅层地下水中存在比较活跃的微生物反硝化反应。 这表明,对于稻田,除了关注其甲烷的释放和硝酸盐污染外,由于化学氮肥使用而引起的亚硝 酸盐污染也应该引起足够的重视。7)研究发现,各种土地利用中,农业区浅层地下水的硝酸盐浓度最高,并且SO4和NO3有较好的 相关性(R2=0.76,N=9),这有可能与当地的地质或土壤母质有关。在林地地下水水样中,发现 NO;和口的良好相关性(RZ=0.80,N=0),似乎表示了,西湖流域的林地己经受到了人类活动 的很大的影响。8)本研究试着将DRASTIC模型与Blackiand GRASS GIS结合,对西湖流域的浅层地下水污染风 险进行了预测和评价。完成了西湖流域DRASTIC模型的7大评价因子空间分布图和DRASTIC 风险指数图。9)许多研究发现土地利用对浅层地下水的水质有显著的影响。基于此点,本研究设计了一个新的 评价因子一土地利用L因子(Land use),来反映土地利用对浅层地下水水质的影响。该因子与 DRASTIC指数结合,构成新的评价指数一LDRASTIC指数。本研究利用Wsual Basic语言开发 了一个小型的最优化评价和拟和程序,对因子L的取值进行推理和筛选,确定了西湖流域内不 同土地利用的因子L分级值。并作出因子L空间分布图以及IAI:llASTIC风险指数图。10)相对DRASTIC模型,LDRASTIC模型对地下水硝酸盐三个风险水平预测的准确率都有了提高, 在所有的硝酸盐中等浓度和高浓度水样中,LDRASTIC的准确率达到了 60.4%$ 69.0%,总体 准确率则从26.9%上升到了sl.3%。因此,增加了L因子后,有效的提高了模型的预测准确率。11)研究分别比较了实测硝酸盐值、电导率值与 DRASTIC模型、LDRASTIC模型的相关性。发现, 增加了L因子后,风险指数与硝酸盐的Pearson相关系数从·0.010上升到0二37,与电导率的 Pearson相关系数从0.380上升到0.503。LDRASTIC指数与电导率、LDRASThC指数与硝酸盐, 两者都在统计上呈极显著相关。12)依据 LDRASTIC风险指数图,作出西湖流域的浅层地下水的污染风险分级图。整个流域内, 低、中、高风险区分别占了*.6%、70.9%和17.5%。在区域规划和管理中,地下水污染风险图 可以为管理层提供较有价值的参考信息。对于地下水污染的高风险区域,

【Abstract】 Nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) generally occurs: over a large area, over an intermittent period of time, from diverse sources, sporadically, and is often correlated with climatic events. Geographic Information System (GIS) is an advanced spatial-tool, commonly applied to the study of NPSP with high research significance and practical value. Integration of Blackland GRASS GIS and NPSP models on West Lake watershed was the main focus of this research from which the following relevant conclusions were obtained. The research of shallow groundwater in West Lake watershed had found: 1. All the water samples collected have cation abundances of Ca>Na>Mg>K>NH4 on an equivalent basis. Anion abundances are more variable. The ranking C1>N03>HCO3>S04 is the most abundant (27%), although there are 6 other rankings above 5%: Cl>N03>S04>HCO3 (14%), HCO3>Cl>N03>S04 (13%), HCO3>Cl>S04>N03 (10%), HCO3>N03>CI>S04 (9%), HCO3>N03>S04>CI (6%), ~f1 HCO3>S04>Cl>N03 (5%) 2. The groundwater district can be divided into two groups in the West Lake watershed. Group I locates at the northwest part of the watershed, is dominated with calcium-sulfate rich waters. The groundwater of Group 2 is dominantly calcium-bicarbonate waters. Unlike group 1, group 2 had a high concentration of bicarbonate (over 4 times), calcium and chloride (approximately 2 times), which reflected the average of EC-value nearly 2 times higher. 3. Concentrations of nitrate inside shallow groundwater ranged from <0.01 to 25.3 mg N/liter with a median of 8 mgN/liter. Nitrate contamination was discovered in a watershed-wide area, about 24% of the samples exceeded the MCL of 10 mg N/liter, and 35% of the sampling sites exceeded the MCL in at least one sampling procedures. 4. The spatial variance of nitrate in the shallow groundwater had showed a relatively high level of nitrate at the south of watershed (mainly near the Kuoshiban residential area), and at the north of watershed (mainly near the Xixialin residential area). The forest area had been found a relatively low concentration of nitrate in the shallow groundwater. 5. Among the three land uses, shallow groundwater in forested areas commonly had a low concentration of all the analyzed ions, especially for sodium, magnesium and chloride. In residential areas, a relatively high concentration of sodium and chloride were detected, which may originate mainly from household sewage effluent. Agricultural areas show a higher nitrate level than other two land use areas, relatively high concentrations of magnesium and sulfate were also found in the area, which need the further investigation to learn the reason. 6. Most of the groundwater samples had the low concentration of nitrite blow the detection limitation, but there were about 10% water samples exceeded the MCL of 0.02 mg N/liter, which had indicated a serious nitrite contamination in the watershed. Well N-38 had detected a high nitrite level of 1.50 mg N/liter with the land use type of paddy fields surrounded, which had a moderate nitrate concentration of 2.61-5.02 mgN/liter. It reflected an intensive denitrification on the site, which suggested more 103 consideration should be given to nitrite contamination together with nitrate contamination and methane emission from rice agriculture. 7. Among the three types of land use, agricultural area showed the highest concentration of nitrate in the

【关键词】 GIS非点源污染DRASTICLDRASTICAGNPSAnnAGNPS西湖流域
【Key words】 GISNPSDRASTICLDRASTICAnnAGNPSAGNPSWest Lake watershed
  • 【网络出版投稿人】 浙江大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2002年 01期
  • 【分类号】X524
  • 【被引频次】112
  • 【下载频次】2395
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