类书通论——论类书的性质起源发展演变和影响

【作者】 夏南强；

【导师】 熊铁基；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 历史文献学， 2001， 博士

【摘要】 类书是我国文化史上一种较为特殊的文献。类书研究，是文化史研究中一个有待开垦的领地。本文从宏观与微观相结合的角度，探讨了类书的性质、类书的起源、类书发展演变的过程，以及对中国封建文化的影响。正文共七章。第一章归纳了类书在古代书目中的著录情况和今人关于类书性质的主要见解，在对几种类书作具体分析、比较的基础上，将《四库全书总目》以来定义的所谓“政书”，如杜佑的《通典》等，重新划入类书。并对类书的性质作了较深入的探讨，给类书确定了新的定义。第二章从文化渊源的视野着笔，论述了类书产生以前的知识分类，如汉字的产生及其“类别”意义；《尔雅》对语词应用对象的归类；《诗经》将诗歌按地域分类；《别录》、《七略》等目录学著作根据文献内容类分文献，揭示学术源流；《韩非子》中采用“主题寓言群”的手法，集中说明事理等等，以及《左传》中断章取义，大量引用《诗经》片段；刘向《说苑》、《新序》等书分门分条罗列有关事例等，对类书问世产生的影响。第三章用表格的方式，将类书分为类事类书、类文类书、事文并举类书三大类别，对类书的归类问题提出了新的见解。第四章依朝代次序，结合每个时期具有代表性的类书，剖析了类书分部分类的特点、类目的类型、立类的思想和目的，勾勒了类书分类体系发展演变的轨迹。从而得出结论：类书分类体系的发展演变，是随着社会发展，知识体系越来越庞杂、知识沉淀越来越厚实的结果。是人们对宇宙、社会、人类自身的认识越来越深入的结果。类书类目的取舍、前后顺序的安排，大多煞费苦心，具有深意。它是我们了解当时人们的思维观念，了解当时人们对客观世界的理解和认识的钥匙。类书立类和分类的思想，也是和它们的编撰目的相辅相成的。第五、六章从政治、经济、文化等社会环境的研究入手，结合对类书的具体分析，深入揭示了类书内容发展演变的过程及其客观原因。如封建统治的相对宽松，经济的繁荣与文化的发达，使类书由开始时的“帝王之学”向“类事之学”的转变；统治者提倡文学导致“类文类书”的产生；骈文、诗歌中用典、对仗促使类书内容的扩展，新型类书的出现；科举考试的盛行，直接影响到“应试类书”、“蒙学类书”的兴起；市民阶层的形成，民间知识分子的增多，促成了“日用类书”的流行和发展，等等。第七章着重分析了封建王朝组织编纂类书的目的，论述了类书作为统治者的一种“文化工具”，在传承封建文化，维护“正统思想”，钳制学术创新，制约科学技术发展的负面影响；在保存历史文献，整合百家，融和有利于儒家思想统治的各种知识体系，确立和巩固儒家思想体系至高无上的地位，绵延以儒家文化为代表的封建文化中的重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Encyclopedia is a kind of special literature in the history of Chinese culture, the research of it is still a virgin land awaits cultivation. Standing from macroscopic and microscopic angle, the article discusses the character, origin, course of development and evolution of encyclopedia and the influence it exerts on Chinese feudal culture. The whole paper falls into seven chapters. Chapter One sums up the description of encyclopedia in the booklists of ancient times and the main ideas held by people today on its nature. It takes Zheng Shu which is defined in Complete Library in Four Divisions All Bibliography as encyclopedia, such as DuYou抯 Tong Dian etc. It reassures encyclopedia抯 definition on the basis of a concrete analysis of them. Chapter Two discusses the knowledge classification before the emergence of encyclopedia from the angle of encyclopedia抯 culture origin, such as Chinese word抯 emergence and its Class.fication meaning; ErYa divides terms application; The Book cf Songs divides poem songs according to region; Bie Lu and Qi Lue and other bibliography books divides literature according to its content and desposes academic courses; Han Fei Zi explains the truth using Sulject Fables; The quote many remark out of The Book cf Songs? context, was quoted in Zuo Zhuan; and the influence imposed on encyclopedia by the publication of LiuXiang?Shuo Yuan and Xiii Xu. Chapter Three classifies it into three catalogues, namely, on events, on writings and on both by the application of tables, and gives a new viewpoint of encyclopedia classification. Chapter Four analyses the characteristics of its classification, and draws the track of the development and evolution of the classification system. Following a dynastic order, with a reference to some representative encyclopedia of different times. So we can draw a conclusion: the development of encyclopedia classification system becomes more complicate with the development of society and knowledge system complication and so on. It also is the result of the understanding of cosmos and society of the people ancient. They arrange wanting or not, the former and the later with many works. It is the key to learning the people抯 thoughts and understanding of objective world. Encyclopedia classification affected and connected with the purpose of compiling it each other. Chapter Five and Six start with the research on the political, economical, culture and social surroundings, and reveal the objective reason and the course of its evolution, combined with concrete analysis on encyclopedia, such as the free surroundings of feudalism, the developed status of economy, they lead that King Learning Encyclcpedia changes into Lei Shi Learning~, Rule class advocates literature and the itself demand of literature development, it leads to the emergence of Lei Wen Encyclcpedia; Rhythmical prose style and poem songs and so on promote the development of encyclopedia content and the emergence of new encyclopedia; The booming of imperial examination leads to the arise of Exam Encyclcpedia, Primary Education Encyckpedia; The form of citizen class and the increasing of intellectuals make Encyclapedia cf Everyday Use prevalent and so on. Chapter Seven analyses the negative influence of encyclopedia on one hand. It is regarded as a kind of Culture Tool of ruler, it not only transmits feudal culture and defends Regular Thinking, but also prevents technology from developing and bringing forth new ideas. On the other hand, it has positive influence, such as preserving historical literature, uniting thoughts, and developing of Cofucianism Culture and its rule position.更多还原