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图象复原技术在天体测量学中的应用暨河外射电源的精确光学定位

Application of Image Restoration in Astrometry and Precise Determination of Optical Positions of Extragalactic Radio Sources

【作者】 唐正宏

【导师】 金文敬;

【作者基本信息】 中国科学院上海天文台 , 天体测量与天体力学, 2001, 博士

【摘要】 作为一门以观测为主的学科,天体测量学的发展一直随着观测手段与观测技术的改进而得到极大的推动,特别是二十世纪五十年代以来,出现了多种新技术与新方法,这些进步使得天体测量学对整个天文学发展的作用越来越重要。 天体测量学的主要工作之一是利用天文望远镜观测天体,并对所得资料进行分析处理,获取目标天体的有用信息。为了取得真实可靠的结果,采用合适的方法消除观测过程中各种系统误差的影响是十分重要的一环。由于天文望远镜的导星设备或者机械系统的不完善,在天体测量长时间观测中往往存在跟踪误差,它们会给星象质量带来影响。当望远镜工作良好即无跟踪误差时,天体图象的强度分布通常类似二维高斯函数分布,(这里假设大气在长时间露光下是稳定的)。当望远镜的导星系统或机械系统工作存在问题即有跟踪误差时,星象的强度分布就不再是高斯函数分布,而且往往是不对称的。虽然跟踪误差对视场内所有目标都应该有同样的影响,但过去并没有对跟踪误差影响作过系统分析处理,主要是因为以前采用照相底片作为接收终端,其有限的线性响应范围使得跟踪误差对底片上不同区域不同星等目标的影响各不相同,因此难以找到有效的方法来消除这个系统误差。 现在CCD已经成为天文观测中的主要接收终端,其高线性、高量子效率等特点能够准确记录跟踪误差的影响,并能反映出它所具有的空间不变特征。本论文的主要工作之一就是在这方面做了一些工作,提出利用图象复原技术消除望远镜跟踪误差影响。有关内容在第二、三章。其中第二章主要介绍图象复原技术的基本原理。从图象的产生,到由于各种因素影响使图象产生退化,以及如何采用付里叶变换方法消除退化影响等过程,分析比较了图象复原技术中求逆的各种方法。第三章是给出利用图象复原技术消除望远镜跟踪误差影响的具体过程。 建立和维持一个高精度的天球参考系是天体测量学的重要任务之一。1997年在日本京都召开的IAU第23届大会上,通过了参考架工作组提出的由608颗河外射电源实现的国际天球参考系(ICRS),并决定自1998年1月1日起,在天文研究、空间探测、大地测量以及地球动力学等领域中采用。依巴谷星表是国际天球参考系在光学波段的代表。2000年在英国曼彻斯特召开的IAU第24届大会上,在原有的参考系工作组基础上成立了新的天球参考系工作组,其主要研究方向为:ICRS的维持与扩充;在光学和红外波段的加密;空间天体测量和参考架;与动力学参考系的连接;计算方法;天文标准;与IERS的联系。 实现射电与光学参考系连接的一个重要手段是在两个波段观测河外射电源,由于射电源的射电定位精度已达亚毫角秒,因此河外射电源的精确光学定 位是关键。在第四章综述了国际天球参考系的定义、实现与维持以及各种天 球参考系间进行连接的方法,着重介绍了利用CCD确定河外射电源光学位置 的详细过程,同时给出了目前可用的几本光学参考星表情况。第五章给出我 们利用云南天文台1米望远镜、北京天文台施密特望远镜以及60厘米望远镜 配备的CCD观测45颗河外射电源的结果,给出它们在不同参考星表中得到的 光学位置,并与其他作者的结果进行了比较。 本论文的主要贡献是: 1.首次将图象复原技术应用于消除望远镜跟踪误差影响。实际资料处理结果表 明,利用图象复原技术能够有效地消除跟踪误差影响,特别地,它能够将相 邻星象显著区分开来,使该技术在双星的观测研究中有十分重要的意义。 2考虑到河外射电源与参考星之间星等差较大,提出长短露光观测的思路,提 高了射电源光学定位精度。 3.详细分析比较了iAF软件中三种星象中心定位方法与不同计算范围得到的 结果,给出适合云南天文台 lin望远镜与北京天文台 2二 6m望远镜CCD的方法 与计算范围。 4.利用 Stone赤道带天体测量标准天区资料,分析讨论了给出适合 lin与 2二 6m望 远镜CCD的底片常数模型。 5.分析了参考星表局部系统差情况,指出不同参考星表间虽然是同一系统,但 仍可能存在局部系统差。 6.给出45颗射电源的光学定位结果,并与其他作者结果进行了比较。其中有35 颗是南天射电源,因为南天射电源中光学位置己经精确测定的还不多,所以 起到了填补空白的作用。

【Abstract】 As an observational subject, astrometry develops rapidly with the improvements of observational methods and techniques. Especially after SOs of twenty centuries, many new techniques and methods appear, these improvements make the astrometry become more and more important to the whole astronomy. One of the main works of astrometry is to observe celestial bodies, reduce observational data and obtain the information of objects. To get reliable results, adopting suitable method to remove the systematic errors in observation is an important step. Long exposure times are needed to observe faint objects in astrometry. However, at the same time, tracking error can occur because of defects in the guiding device or mechanical system of the telescope. Tracking errors of any kind will degrade the image quality of a telescope. When the telescope works well (without any tracking error), the intensity distribution of star images is similar to a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution, assuming that the atmosphere is steady during the long exposure time. When the guiding device or the mechanical system of telescope does not work perfectly (i.e., when tracking error occurs), the intensity distribution of astrometric images will be not Gaussian but rather asymmetry. Although tracking error should have the same influence on the objects in the field of view, there is not any systematic analysis on the influence of it. Since the receivers were plates in old times, which have a limited linear response range, the influence of tracking error on star images differs from one area of the plate to another and for objects of different magnitudes. This effect makes it difficult to find a viable method for removing tracking error. Nowadays, CCD detector has become the main receiver of the telescope. When compared with photographic plates, CCD has three advantages: higher quantum efficiency, higher linearity and greater convenience. The linear response of a CCD makes it possible to observe many stars at the same time. When tracking error does exist with a CCD, its influence on all objects will be similar. This means that the tracking error has the characteristic of being spatially invariant. Part of the work of this thesis is in this field, image restoration is presented as a way to remove the influence of tracking error (in Chapter 2 and 3). Chapter 2 introduces the basicprinciples of image restoration. From the production of images to the degradation of images caused by various factors, and how to remove the influence of tracking error using Fourier Transformation method are all analyzed. Chapter 3 gives the detailed process of removing the influence of tracking error with image restoration. Constructing and maintaining a celestial reference system with high precision is one of the most important tasks of astrometry. At its 23rd General Assembly in 1997, the TAU adopted an international celestial reference frame (ICRF) that realizes the international celestial reference system (ICRS). As of 1 January 1998, ICRS become the IAU celestial reference system, and Hipparcos catalogue is the representative of ICRS in optical wavelength. In the 24th IAU GA, a new Working Group of ICRS was constructed based on the old WGRF. The main research fields of the new WG are as follows: maintenance and extension of the ICRS, densification at optical and IR, space astrometry and reference frames, link to the dynamical system, computation tools, astronomical standards, relation with IERS. Observing the extragalactic radio sources in both radio and optical wavebands is the imp

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