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贵金属规整表面催化过程的动态偶合
Dynamical Coupling during the course of Catalysis Processes on the Well-defined Surfaces of Noble Metals
【作者】 黄伟新;
【导师】 包信和;
【作者基本信息】 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 , 物理化学, 2001, 博士
【摘要】 扩散是最常见的物理现象之一。多相催化反应中表面吸附物种在催化剂表面不同活性中心之间的扩散被称为溢流,溢流对多相催化反应动力学有较大的影响。对于一个反应体系,如果扩散过程中反应物种的扩散与反应局域地偶合,则就会形成时空斑图,如化学波等。反应物种化学波的扩散速率要远大于遵从Fick定律的扩散物种的扩散速率。化学波的形成常见于具有非线性动力学行为的反应体系,如BZ反应,Pt单晶表面CO的振荡氧化反应和NO的振荡还原反应。但对于多相催化反应体系,如果由于催化活性的不同而在相邻表面之间形成表面吸附物种的浓度梯度足以引发表面吸附物种在相邻表面之间的扩散,并且表面吸附物种的扩散与表面反应相偶合,那么也能够在所涉及的催化剂表面形成化学波,而且这化学波对所涉及表面的催化反应动力学有非常大的影响。多相催化反应过程相邻表面可以以化学波的形式进行偶合为催化剂的设计提供了一条思路。 氮氧化物是主要的大气污染物之一。消除氮氧化物最直接、最清洁的方法是直接分解。贵金属具有较高的直接分解氮氧化物的活性,但氮氧化物分解产生的表面氧吸附物种的存在会抑制氮氧化物在贵金属表面的分解,所以贵金属只有在高于表面吸附氧物种脱附温度的反应条件下才表现出较高的催化活性,这温度通常在1000K左右。相反,金属银直接分解氮氧化物的活性很低,并且银表面吸附氧物种的脱附温度较低,在600K左右。我们提出在贵金属催化剂中添加金属银,由于二者直接分解氮氧化物的活性相差很大,就会在贵金属表面和银表面形成吸附氧物种的浓度差,在反应过程中相邻的贵金属表面和银表面有可能发生偶合,贵金属表面吸附氧物种扩散到银表面,这样就可以实现贵金属在较低的温度下就表现出较高的分解氮氧化物的活性。基于这个想法,本论文从基础研究的角度出发,利用表面技术进行了表面吸附氧物种在贵金属表11 摘 要面和银表面之间扩散的研究。本论文选择的体系是 A邮 ( 0)模型催化剂,主要进行以下几方面的工作: 1.建立了国内第一套光发射电子显微镜超高真空系统。光发射电子显微镜是 1990s左右发展起来的一种新的表面原位技术,对H维金属表面局域功函的分布成像。光发射电子显微镜能以高度的对比度反映金属表面局域功函的微小变化,可以原位、动态成像改变金属表面局域功函的过程,如气体的吸附、脱附、吸附物种在表面的扩散、表面反应等。我们建立的光发射电子显微镜空间分辨率和时间分辨率分别为 200urn和 33ms。该系统于 1998年 11月通过中国科学院的验收。 2.研究了氧在有缺陷的 Pd(100)表面的吸附、扩散和反应。我们利用光发射电子显微镜原位、动态研究了氧在暴露有门 11)、(110)微晶的 Pd ( 00)单晶表面的吸附,比较了不同Pd晶面的吸附性能。相同条件下,氧在不同Pd晶面生成不同的氧吸附物种。在与CO的反应过程中,这些氧物种表现出不同的反应活性,并在相邻Pd晶面之间形成表面吸附氧物种的浓度梯度,从而引发表面吸附氧物种在相邻Pd晶面之间的扩散并与表面CO氧化反应偶合,形成化学波。光发射电子显微镜观察到由于反应过程中相邻Pd晶面的偶合引发的 Pd ( 0)晶面上吸附氧物种的反应扩散波,这反应扩散波大大地加速了 Pd( 0)晶面上 CO的氧化反应速率。 3.研究了 Ag薄膜在 Pt ( 0)一门a)表面的生长。300KAg薄膜在 Pt门 厂门)表面的生长遵循SK模式(单层加岛状生长人层层生长至l.SML以后,接下来的Ag以三维岛状模式生长。Ag原子在表面的定位非常有序,当oed^p.SML,Ag原子填充Pt ( 10)-(lx)表面的“missing-row”位并形成 Pt ( 0)一 ( XI) A.SML Pt l.SML Ag表面结构;当 0。SMLedMI刀ML,Ag原子生长在Pt (II)一 (IX )表面的Ag位;当 1刀ML扮A/l.SML,Ag原子生长在Pt(ll)-(IXI)表面的Pt位。600KAg薄膜在Pt(110)-(IXZ) 黄伟新l中国科学院博士学位研究生学位论文 * 表面层层生长至二.25ML,然后形成表面合金。 4.研究了 NO和 NO。在 Ag/I,t(ll)表面的吸附和分解。NO分子在 Pt (110)表面存在线式吸附和桥式吸附两种吸附态,室温以线式吸附为主,加 热时部分吸附的 NO能够解离。Pt ( 0)表面预吸附氧能够抑制 NO的桥式吸 附,降低桥式吸附 NO脱附活化能。室温 NO。在 Pt门)表面完全解离吸附, 生成的OM和NO。之间有强的相互排斥作用,降低NO脱附活化能,抑制桥式 NO的吸附。500KNO。在 Pt(ll)表面解离能够形成一种新的氧吸附态一a-O。, aO。吸附态的形成可以归应于 No诱导 Pt ( 0)表面重构过程中 No。的解离 吸附。少量 Ag的加入能显著削弱 Pt-O键的强度,降低氧在 Pt ( 0)表面的 脱附温度。
【Abstract】 Diffusion is one of the most common phenomena. During the course of heterogeneous catalysis, the diffusion of surface adsorbed species between the different parts of the catalysts is defined as spiltover, which has an influence on the kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis. For the reaction system, temporal-spatial pattern will form if the diffusion process is locally coupled with the reaction, such as the chemical wave. The chemical wave of the diffusing species propagates much faster than the diffusing species following the Fick抯 law. The chemical wave usually appears in the reaction systems behaving nonlinear kinetics, such as the BZ reaction, the oscillatory reaction of CO oxidation and NO reduction on the Pt single crystals. However, for the heterogeneous catalysis system, if the coverage gradient of surface adsorbed species formed between adjacent parts of the catalysts due to their different catalytic activities is large enough to trigger the diffusion, and the diffusion process is locally coupled with surface reaction, then the chemical wave can also form and has a great influence on the surface involved. The coupling between adjacent surfaces in the form of the chemical wave provide a way to design the heterogeneous catalysts. Nitric oxides are one of the main air pollutants. The cleanest way to eliminate NO~ is decomposition. Noble metals possess a high activity to decompose NOR, but the resulting 0ad on the noble metal surfaces will inhibit the decomposition of NOR, therefore only above the temperature at which the resulting O~ can desorb from the noble metal surfaces, usually around 1000k, can the noble metals behave the high activity to decompose NOR. At the other hand, silver has a poor activity to decompose NO,, and O~ on the silver surface can desorb around 600K. Therefore we I,? Vi Al~trEt propose an idea to realize the high activity of noble metals to decompose NO~ at relatively low reaction temperature by the addition of silver. During the course of NO~ decomposition, the concentration gradient of O~ between noble metals and Ag will result from their different ractivities, and O~ on the noble metal surfaces may diffuse to the Ag surface and be cleaned off on the Ag surface. Based on this idea, the surface techniques were employed to study the O~ diffusion between Pt and Ag on the Ag/Pt (110) model catalysts. The following research works have been conducted in the dissertation: 1. Setting up the Pbotoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM). PEEM is a newly developed surface technique around I 990s and it images the local work function distribution on the two-dimensional metal surface. PEEM can reflect the slight work function change with high contrast and in situ and in real time monitor the dynamical processes on the metal surface following work function change, such as adsorption and desorption, diffusion, reaction. PEEM set up in our laboratory possesses a 200nm lateral resolution and 33ms temporal resolution. 2. Investigating the adsorption, diffusion and reaction of oxygen on the defected Pd (100) surface with (110) and (111) microfacets. Various kinds of oxygen species form on different Pd planes upon oxygen adsorption, which behave different reactivities towards CO. In the course of CO+O~ reaction, coupling occurs between (110) plane and its adjacent planes due to the concentration gradients through
- 【网络出版投稿人】 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 【网络出版年期】2002年 01期
- 【分类号】O643.3
- 【被引频次】2
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