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全球化时代的对外政策

【作者】 何帆

【导师】 裘元伦;

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 , 世界经济, 2000, 博士

【摘要】 全球化不仅是人们对最近二十多年来在世界经济、政治、社会及文化诸领域发生的一系列巨大变化的概括,也是人们对未来世界图景的预测。全球化是一场深刻而广泛的变革。它触及到经济、政治、社会和文化等各个方面。本书关注全球化的一个侧面,即经济全球化。经济学家认为:(1)经济全球化的兴起至少可追溯至19世纪中后期。简单说来,经济全球化的发展轨迹经历了一条由高峰-谷底-高峰的“U”型曲线。许多经济学家认为,大约直到1970年代中期之后,经济全球化的程度才超过1910年左右的水平。从那时起,经济全球化才真正迈上了历史的新台阶,并开始迅猛地发展。由此可见,经济全球化是渐变的、缓慢的,其现状和短期内的发展前景不容高估。尽管世界经济出现了不少耀眼的新特点,但经济系统的演进不可能在一夜之间发生突变。传统的因素(如产权、国内投资、能源等)对经济发展的影响并未削弱。(2)经济全球化是一个政治的进程。对外开放是一种巨大的社会变革,对外开放的进程也会带来多种成本。国际贸易和国际移民均会直接引起收入的再分配,并由此激发社会利益的冲突。国际金融自由化,也面临着“宏观经济政策的三难处境”,也就是说,一国政府不可能同时实现维护固定汇率制、开放资本市场以及实行积极有效的国内货币政策这三种目标。一般来说,政府只能选择其中的两个目标,而忍痛放弃第三个目标。进一步地讲,何种目标会成为政府的选择,在很大程度上取决于国内政治力量的对比。所以,从分析各种社会力量的政治博弈入手,可以使我们更深入地了解经济全球化的发展趋势。“变革的速度和调整的速度共同决定了变革的最终净收益”。只有慎重地考虑开放政策可能引起的国内政治格局的变化,才能避害趋利,实现经济全球化的潜在收益。 为了更好地解释由于经济全球化所带来的国际政治关系的新变化,传统的国际政治理论需要一场方法论的革命。在国际政治理论中一直占据统治地位的现实主义提出了两个重要假设,即:(1)“国家人格化”假设,这一假设认为国家乃国际政治研究的基本分析单位;(2)理性假设,这一假设说的是每个国家均追求自身利益的最大化。 我们将指出,“国家人格化”假设的缺陷在于其忽视了国内政治博弈对国际关系的影响。国内各阶层的公众以及处于不同角色的参与人利益各不相同,所以他们对外交政策的偏好也不同,最终出台的对外政策势必然反映出这些不同利益之间的冲突与妥协。从这一角度来说,一个统一的国内政治理论是国际政治研究的基础和前提。本书亦试图对国内政治体系中三种主要角色(即执政者、公民、官僚)的行为做出系统的考察。我们将着重指出执政者在政治决策中的核心作用。执政者的目标是追求其义理性最大化。执政者既可以通过提供公共产品;又可以通过选择与不同的社会利益结盟来使自己的义理性最大化。 博奕论在国际政治研究中的兴起拓展和修正了传统现实主义的另一个前提假设,即理性假设。博奔论认为。国际政治中各参与人的行为遵循的是“战略理性”,即每个国家的行为均受到它国行为的影响。我们还指出,博奔论在为政治学和国际政治学提供了一种精炼而又有系统性的分析工具的同时;还有助于我们对政治和国际政治有了崭新的认识。博奕论指出了政治的实质乃是各种利益间的博奔,政治过程是博奔模型而非决策模型。在国际政治领域,博奔论有望整合国际政治研究中的现实主义与相互依存两大学派。 最后,我们介绍了哈佛大学政治学教授普特南提出的“双层博奔模型”。这一模型综合了以上两方面研究的成果。这种模型既关注国内政治对夕卜政策的影响;又强调国与国之问的博奔关系。在我们看来;普特南的研究为提供一种新的国际政治理论指明了方向。 作为“双层博奔模型”的一个应用,我们考察了对外贸易政策的形成。传 汐-统的国际贸易理论往往假定贸易政策是外生的,即由一国政府根据社会福利最大化原则制定的。这种探讨着重分析了不同的贸易政策工具对经济效率的影响;但却没有能够解释贸易政策的实际形成。1970年代以来;出现了一批政治学家和经济学家提出了一种研究贸易政策的新思路。这种研究方法可被称为“内生贸易政策理论”。他们指出:贸易政策和其它国内政策一样;也是政治体系中各种角色相互博奔的结果。我们在本章主要介绍了几种主要的理论,包括:迈耶的“直接选举模型”、黑尔曼的“政治支持模型”、芬德利和威利兹的“内生关税模型’、马基、布洛克和扬的“政治竞争模型”,以及格罗斯曼和赫尔普曼的“互动模型”。这些模型从不同的侧面揭示了国内政治博奔对一国对外贸易政策的影响。尤其是格罗斯曼和赫尔普曼的模型提出了分析贸易政策的一般均衡框架。国与国之间围绕对外贸易政策的博奔,实质上便是一种“双层博奔”。一方面国家在制定本国对外贸易政策或围绕贸易政策谈判时;要考虑到其它国家的反应;另一方面;每个国家的执政者还必须面对本国的政治力?

【Abstract】 Globalization is the buzzword in the 1990s. For most scholars, it describes not only the rapid changes in the past 20 years, but also the unpredictable future in the coming century. This book only focus on one facet of globalization, i.e. , the integration of world economy. Economic globalization includes the cross boundary movements of commodities, capitals and labors. In the first chapter, we documented the development of international trade, international capital movement, and international immigration. This chapter can serve as an introduction to the background of our main theme, the formation and evolution of foreign economic policies.Even a brief review of the history of globalization can shed lights on our understanding of world economy. We try to make two points:(1) Globalization is a gradual process. Many popular author advocate that globalization is a revolutionary and new phenomenon. But actually, globalization has a long history of more than 150 years. It developed rather slowly and witnessed ebbs and flows. The development of globalization has a "U" shape pattern. In the late nineteenth century, globalization reached a high level, because controls on international financial transactions and international immigrations were absent, and the free trade policy prevailed among main European countries. The outbreak of the two World Wars and the interwar period saw the collapse of globalization. After the World War Two, globalization gradually recovered. But most economists agreed that the level of world economy integration became higher than that of 1910s only until the late 1970s. From then on, globalization has developed rapidly.(2) Globalization is also a political process. A country’s open policy, like other economic reforms, will create both gainers and losers. International trade and international immigration will likely exert pressures that widen income and wealth disparities within countries. International financial liberalization also has to face the fundamental trade off of stability of the exchange rate, capital mobility, andeffectiveness of domestic monetary policies. The government can only choose two of these three goals at the price of the third one. Which goals will be chosen may reflect the domestic political bargaining.To have a better understanding of the impacts of globalization on the international relations, we need a new theory of international politics. Realism, which has long been the mainstream theory of international politics, is based on two key assumptions. The first one is the "personalized statist assumption", which says that the state is the basic unit of international political analysis. States have their own interest in the way just like people have individual interests. The second one is "rational man assumption", which says that all the states are trying to maximize their own interests.We argue that the first assumption is not appropriate for international political analysis because it neglects the influence of domestic politics on the formation of foreign policies. There are many different actors in the political arena. These actors have different preferences and any outcome will have to reflect these differences. We believe that a systematic theory on which and how domestic factors affect international politics can provide a better explanation on the formation of foreign policies.we examined three different actors in the domestic political system, i.e., the political leader, the bureaucrat and the citizens. Our approach falls naturally into the tradition of public choice. But we try to emphasis the critical role of political leader on policy making. The objective function of the political leader is to maximize her legitimacy. She has two main ways to approach this goal. One is to provide public goods according to the needs of the general public. The other way is to form coalition with different interest groups and get their support.We also try to extend the realism’s rational assumption by introducing the game theory into international politics. Th

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