【作者】 朱德峰；

【导师】 曹卫星；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2000， 博士

【摘要】 水稻超高产株型作为育种的选择指标和高产栽培的调控目标在水稻超高产研究和生产中具重要意义。本研究于1998年到1999年在中国水稻研究所试验区（杭州富阳）进行，以代表性高产品种和组合为供试基因型，采用田间试验与根箱相结合的方法，研究了品种间粒叶比差异，分蘖成穗及其对产量贡献，叶片形态与光合功能关系，根系生长与分布，深层根系作用及超高产途径和株型。 单茎上部4张叶片叶面积与穗颖花数关系及粒叶比品种间差异的研究表明，单茎叶面积与每穗颖花数、每穗颖花数与粒叶比的关系为正相关，且所有供试品种表现一致。不同品种粒叶比在0.58-1.03个/cm~2之间，差异达78％。随穗型变大，粒叶比提高，粒叶比品种间差异变大。提高粒叶比，可在不增加叶面积的前提下提高库容量。 剑叶卷叶度在叶片卷曲度高的组合中达44％-47％，在中等的组合中为15％-16％，低的组合中为10％-11％。高叶片卷曲度组合的剑叶叶片上表面，由于受自身叶片遮光的影响而使光合强度低于下表面。下表面与上表面光合强度比在高叶片卷曲度组合中为1.19-1.32，在中等叶片卷曲度组合中为0.90-1.02，在低叶片卷曲度组合中为0.82-0.85。与叶片卷曲度低的组合相比，叶片卷曲度高和中等的组合具有较小的叶片角度、较高的叶片挺直度和较低的消光系数。适当增加叶片的内卷程度，可提高叶片的直立性和挺直度，同时提高叶片上下表面的光合强度和冠层的透光性。 不同类型分蘖成穗特点及对籽粒产量的贡献研究表明，品种间分蘖成穗率的差异主要由后期高位小分蘖造成。穗分化期具4叶以上茎蘖成穗对单株产量的贡献平均为96％左右，3叶分蘖成穗对产量贡献为3％左右，2叶分蘖成穗对产量的贡献仅为0.2％。在超高产株型设计和高产育种及栽培中应重视早期分蘖的出生和生长，促进大穗的形成。 采用根箱钉板法研究根系分布特征表明，根系生物量的52％～63％分布在0～12cm土层中，70％～79％分布在0～24cm土层中。后期耐早衰的协优93O8表现根系生物量大，深根系比例高，表土层以下的根系重量密度比其他品种明显提高。随土壤深度增加根系趋向离植株中心分布。根系重量密度以表土层最高，并随深度增加逐渐下降。 筒栽条件下根系生长量以开花期最高，开花后下降。随生育进展，深层根系p0－45cm比例提高。分菜期到穗分化期根系重量增长最快，且为根系向下生长的主要时期。随土壤容重提高，根系生长量下降，同时深层根系比例下降。 切根法研究表明，上表15cm和30cm处切根使水稻产量明显下降，下降幅度随切根时期和深度而变化。切根造成产量下降的主要原因是，每穗总粒数和结实率下降，穗分化期切根主要影响每穗总粒数，而开花期主要影响结实率。切根对大穗型品种籽粒产量的影响大于对小穗型品种的影响；在穗分化期切根对产量的影响大于开花期。切根对叶绿素含量的影响以倒3叶最显著。穗分化期和开花期切根还显著降低了叶片的光合作用强度。 对国内外水稻品种增产的主要因素分析表明，虽然从高秆品种到矮秆品种的产量增长主要依靠收获指数（HI）的提高，但进一步提高水稻品种产量，须在HI不变或稍有提高的情况下，提高生物产量。株型改良应适当提高株高，改善上部4张叶片的形态和功能，提高花后根系活力，增加花后氮的吸收量，提高上部叶片的含氮量，以提高花后物质生产量。在分孽早长、穗大粒多的基础上，着重提高粒叶比，以进一步提高库容量和产量水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 hice plant type for super high yield playes the importam role in rice breedingand cultivation for super high yield as selecting traits and targets for cropmaneqement. The research was conduCted in the exPerimelltal Station of ChinaNational klce Research Institute in l998 and l999. With the tyPical high yieldingvarieties and hybrids in field and root box, a series of research was carried out ondifference in ratio of spikelat to leaf area among varieties and hybrids, contributionof different tillers to yield, characteriStics of leaf and its relation with photosynthesis,groWth and diStribution of roOt, importance of deep roOt, approach and plallt typefor super high yield.Research on relationship among area of 4 top leaves in stem and spikelatnumber per panicle, and ratio of spikelet number to leaf area indicated that there isthe positive relationship between leaf area and spikelet number per pbocle, andspikelet number per panicle and ratio of spikelet number to leaf area in all varieties.Raio of spikelet number to leaf area in different varieties ranges from 0.58 to l.03spikelet number/cm’ with 78.4% difference. The raise of the ratio may increasethe increase in spikelet number per area with the same leaf area index.Leaf rolling index (Lm), photosynthesis in adaxial (upper) surface and abaxial(lower) leaf suffoce, leaf angle, leaf erecting index and light extinction coefficientwere stUdied at nowering and 2o days after fiowering with six rice hybrids in fieldconditions. Leaf rolling index (LAl) of flag leaf (from top) in 2 hybrids withhigher LRI reached 44%-47%, in 2 hybrids with medium LAl was l5%-l6%, in 2hybrids with low LAl was l0%-l l%. Ratio of abaxial photosynthesis to adaxial inflag leaves of hybrids with higher LRI ranged from l.l9 tO l.32 due to leafself shading impact on the adaxial surface, for hybrids with medium LAl rangedfrom 0.90 to l.02, for hybrids with low LRI ranged from 0.82 to 0.85. Comparedwith low LRI hybrids, the hybrids with higher and medium LRJ have smaller leafeqIe, higher leaf erecting index and Iow Iight endnCtion coefficient. Moderate Lmmay make the small an8le of leaf, hi8her leaf ereCting index and low li8htertinction coefficient, and raise photOsyathesis of abaxiaI and adaxiaI of leaf andlight permeation in canopyReseach on tillers wth different leaf eqes at panic1e initiation and itscontribution to yield shown that diffeence in perCenage of produCtive tillerbetween varieties resulted from small tiller with the late emefgence in higherposition in Stem. Vchety with higher percentage of produCtive tiller has less amoulltof this type of tiller In average, tiller with 4 leaf age and more, with 3 leaf age andwith 2 leaf age at panicle initiation contributed 96%, 3% and 0.2% of yieldrespectivelyResearch on root diStribution using the fOO box-Pin board mathod showed that52%ed3% of root biomass is distributed in the top 0l2cm of soil and 70%~79% inM4cm of soil. Xieyou 9308 with slower leaf senescence has higher rOO biomassand higher percentrse of deeper roOts. Root weight index of Xieyou 9308 belowsurface soil is much higher than that in other varieties. For horizntal diStribution,root biomass increases in the direction opposite to hill center with the increase ofsoil depth. RoOt weight index in suthee soil is much higher than that in subsoillayer, and gradually decreases with the increase of soil depth.The research on root grOwth using od box method indicated that rOO wtrightreached maximum at fiowering stage and then decreased. With the advance ofgrOed stage, percentag of deeP roots (20-45cm in soiI) increased. Root Weghtincreased at highest rate and deep roots formed during the period of tiller Stage topbocle iaitiation. With increased soil weight density below 20cm, roO weigh andpercentage of deep roots maredly decreased.Research by cutting fOOs at panicle initiation ryI) and flowering (FL) stapes inroo box indicated that comPared更多还原