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竞争财务论
【作者】 冯巧根;
【导师】 郭复初;
【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 , 财政学, 2000, 博士
【摘要】 当人类纪元进入一个新的世纪之时,财务学同样也正在进行着一场世纪的抉择。财务学能否实现历史的跨越,在21世纪寻找一个新的起点,值得世纪之交的财务学人的深思,这是一种不可推卸的历史责任。财务学范式已经或正在发生着新的变迁,一种以顾客价值为目的,围绕企业竞争优势,以培育和发展企业核心竞争力为宗旨,服务于企业竞争战略的财务管理,即竞争财务管理应运而生。 (一) 价值观是竞争财务的基础观念,其中价值链在竞争财务管理中最具外部性特征。竞争财务研究的目的就是要围绕企业核心竞争力寻求这种组合价值链,发现价值链中的“战略环节”,在追踪发达国家财务管理先进经验和理论、方法的基础上,结合中国实际,构建一套扎根于企业竞争理论与实践之中的竞争财务管理的框架结构。“顾客价值”是竞争财务管理中最核心的概念。所谓顾客价值是顾客所得(顾客实现)与顾客所弃(顾客牺牲)之间的差额。顾客所得是指顾客从所购的产品中得到的全部有形和无形利益,它包括基本和特殊的产品、服务、质量、使用说明、声誉、商标和顾客认为重要的任何因素。顾客牺牲包括购买成本、取得并学会使用该产品的时间和努力,以及购后成本。所谓购后成本是指使用、维护和处理产品所花费的成本。增加顾客价值意味着增加顾客实现,或减少顾客牺牲,或既增加顾客实现,又减少顾客牺牲。着眼于顾客价值意味着竞争财务系统要同时提供顾客实现和顾客牺牲的有关信息。收集有关顾客牺牲的信息意味着收集公司外部的信息。概括地说,竞争财务管理的目的就是要为顾客创造价值。 核心竞争力是竞争财务形成与发展的基础和动力。竞争财务是以现代竞争与战略理论为其理论依据的。从竞争的演进过程看,经济学视角的“竞争”与管理学视角的“竞争”,在实际工作中往往是统一的。亦即,企业制定管理科学的竞争战略,谋求竞争优势,往往需要结合市场经济的竞争特性去认识和把握。换言之,市场经济作为竞争型经济,其竞争具有广泛性、长期性、公平性和合作性等基本特征。在竞争主体多元化,竞争对象不断变化的市场经济环境下,企业财务管理必须树立竞争意识。只有充分考虑竞争对手的战略,才能结合企业自身情况作出战略安排,在市场竞争中争取主动,获得竞争优势。竞争与战略是相辅相成的,竞争财务本身可以看作是财务管理与企业竞争战略有机结合的产物。在竞争财务实践中,企业往往借助于竞争战略制定相应的竞争财务预测、决策模型,并围绕培育与发展企业的核心竞争力制定相应的财务战略,以获得和保持企业持续的竞争优势和战略地位。 随着市场全球化趋势增强,企业核心业务与非核心业务在形成企业核心竞争力方面的作用日渐突出,现阶段,依据结构学派的竞争战略理论,似乎难以反映不同业务对企业的贡献程度。从竞争财务的视角看,必须采取措施通过提高核心业务的比重来培育和发展企业的核心竞争力。可以认为,核心竞争力是建立在能力学派与资源学派理论基础之上的一个概念,或者说是两种学派的共同产物。核心竞争力,从根本上讲,是企业独特的知识和技能的集合,它对企业的作用,在于用动态整合的资源,提供与企业环境变化相适应的能力。这种特殊的能力还在于从企业的基础就开始产生致胜竞争对手的力量。由于核心竟争力的知识性,因而它在企业的优势上更多地表现为知识或积累性技能的力量,从而使核心竞争力不仅成为竞争优势的根,而且也是企业竞争力之源。 竞争财务管理认为,企业本身的资源、能力是有限的,通过资源外向配置,与外部的合作伙伴分担风险,企业可以变得更有柔性,更能适应变化的外部竞争环境。其具体思路是,首先确定企业的核心竟争力,并把企业内部的智能和资源集中在那些有核心竟争优势的活动上,然后将剩余的其他企业活动外包给最好的专业公司。这些实行业务外包的企业更强调集中企业资源于经过仔细挑选的少数具有竞争力的核心业务,也就是集中在那些使他们真正区别于竞争对手的技能和知识上,而把其他一些虽然重要但不是核心的业务职能外包给世界范围内的“专家”企业,并与这些企业保持紧密合作的关系。从而使自己企业的整个运作提高到世界级水平,而所需要的费用则与目前的开支相等甚至有所减少,并且往往可 以省去一些巨额投资。更重要的是,实行业务外包的公司出现财务麻烦的可能性仅为没有业务外包公司的三分之一。 竟争优势是企业在特定业务经营中能够提供超过竞争对手的价值,这些顾客;购买的较高价值源于以低于竟争对手的价格向顾客提供同等利益,或者提供远远超出较高价格的独特利益。进一步分析,优势真正的来源在于管理者能够将公司 内所有的技术和产品诀窍整合为竟争的能力,而且这种能力使各个业务单位快速地适应机会的变化。企业超额利润来源于其核心能力和核心资源,而与企业所在行业的竞争结构并不具有紧密相关性。核心能力的观念不鼓
【Abstract】 While human times enter a new era, the finance with in the meantime is faced the critical choice. It deserves the finance scholar’s careful pondering whether this field can leap over the historical stage of development and arrives at a new starting point in the 21st century. It is an inescapable historical responsibility. The financial parading has changed or is changing. The finance management----competition finance management emerges as required, whose intention is for the customer value, and centers on the competitive advantages to develop the competence of core competition and to serve for the business’s competition strategy.(I)Opinions of value is the basic concept of competition finance among which the value chain has the most external features. Research on it is to circle around the core competition for the composed value chain and the strategic link in the chain. With to reference of foreign experiences、 theories and measures of the advanced financial management, we can set up a Chinese structure of competitive financial management based on the theory and practice about competition competence. “Customers’ value” is the key point in the competitive financial management. It refers to the difference between customer profit and customer loss. Customer profit means the total tangible or intangible profits from the products purchased, including the ordinary and special products, services uantities, operation instructions, reputation, trademark and any other elements that the customers consider important. Customer loss indicates the purchase cost, the time and effort to obtain goods and learn to use them and cost after purchase as well. The cost after purchase refers to the cost of usage, maintenance and disposal of the products. Increasing the customers’ value means increasing the customers’ realization of profit, or reducing the customers’ loss, or increasing the customers’ realization of profit as well as reducing the customers’bss.Emphasizing customers’value lmphes thatthe competitive inance system shouldprovlde Information on both customers’profitand loss.Collectingthe Information aboutthe customers’loss Is collecting the e扛ernal Information.In a word,the Intention of competition inance management Is to create value for\’、CCstomefS Core competence ofcompetltlon Is the base and driving force of*theg competition inance.The competltlonfinancetakesthe modem competition andthe strateglctheory as ltstheoretlc basis.Fromthe evolution process,“’competition” rom economics and from management are usually unified In practice.That Is to s盯,requently, It Is important for e血erprlses to make scientific competitive stfategy and strive for competitive advantage wlththe necessary consideration of the competrtlon features.In other words,the competition In market economy(which Is competition economy)has he basic features of wide-rangC,long-term,fairness and cooperation. Underthe market economy whenthere are varied competitive二 entitles and constantly changing opponents,a competitive consciousness must be built In the financial management.Only by making full consideration of*theeration oPPonents’strategy can an enterprise decide the arrangementic win advantages In competition. Competition and strategy supplement e肌h other.The competition ifl3flCC ltSClf Call bC tskCfl SS thC COffiblflCd OlltCOffiC Of fill&flC181 manageme血 and competition strategy.Inthepractlce ofcompetltlon inance, enterprises set lip relative forecast and decision-making model drawing sllpport from the competitive strategy,and build relative financial strategycenteringaround developingthe ability of its core competence ofcompetltlon to win orkeep domlnantposltlon Inthe
【Key words】 competition finance; customer value; core competitive competence; advantages in competition;
- 【网络出版投稿人】 西南财经大学 【网络出版年期】2002年 01期
- 【分类号】F275
- 【被引频次】53
- 【下载频次】1540