【作者】 冯鹏伟；

【导师】 师庭雄；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 外国哲学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 从海德格尔针对《存在与时间》一书的最初构想来看,他本拟擘画出“存在”这一概念的源始意义,但是苦于无法直接找到通达“存在”的路径,于是另辟蹊径,退而以“此在”(Dasein)——它具有“自我识认”(Seinsverst(?)ndnis)的特点——作为讨论的出发点,继而展开了“此在分析”的讨论。因此将其称之为“基础存在论”。对于海德格尔来说,尤其是前期思想中认为此在分析是切入存在问题的路径,很明显也很强烈地想要透过此在分析去取代自亚里士多德以来的存在论甚至是康德的范畴论。然而在整部著作中,关于此在的讨论愈演愈烈,完全凌驾了“存在”的讨论。读者在此在分析的世界里自信满满的时候,整部著作戛然而止,因此,《存在与时间》其实可以看作是一部关于海德格尔基础存在论思想的著作。按照海德格尔的说法,人是具有“此在”性质的存在者,人是世界上各种存在物中的一种特殊存在物,人能作为此在的是因为它被存在所规定着。此在是指人类存在的本质和特性,它强调人不仅是一个客观的物体,而是一个主体,具有主观意识和主观体验。此在也意味着人的存在是一个在时间和空间中的存在,人不是孤立的存在,而是存在于世界和社会中。此外,此在强调人的存在是不确定和开放的,人需要在存在的过程中找到意义和目的,并在面对死亡的不可避免性时面对自己的存在。书名之中的“时间”一词,实际指的其实是以人的时间性来解释存在。海德格尔首先看到人存活于天地之间到底能否充分地自己掌握自己的命运或是迷失自己以至于不能自主,把生命分为“本真性”和“非本真的”这两种生命情态。就时间结构而言,这两种情态又可区分出“未来”、“现在”、“过去”三个向度,与两种情态相乘则可生出六种绽出样式。即重演、当下即是、先行、居持、当前化、期备。众所周知《存在与时间》是一部只完成了三分之一的著作。一本计划要改变西方哲学自亚里士多德以来关于存在论的著作被作者主动放弃,从常理推断,当然是因为计划存在着根本的困难或毛病。关于《存在与时间》著作计划废止的原因,我们首要考虑的便是海德格尔思想中关于人的有限性。关于人的有限性的基本立场,晚年海德格尔的著作中固然随处可见,而在《存在与时间》一书中,其实也早就被肯定。例如海德格尔谈到人作为一时间性的存在时,即指出人原始意义的时间时“有限的”。以时间去解释存在这一理论布局,其实就是以“人”的活动作为一切“存在”解释之依归,而人的地位乃无形中被无条件地高举了。就讨论的话题而言,《存在与时间》一书似乎与伦理学毫无关系,但其中的许多细节讨论却又涉及着伦理学。《存在与时间》一书从不宣扬什么内在价值,更没有直接提及什么人应该干什么的伦理规范。但是,在不说教的条件下,海德格尔把人之为人的实况赤裸裸地呈现于人们面前,让人们自己去选择本真与非本真,让人们根据自己的实际情况去选择,这对于人们来说,效果往往比一套道德规范更加有效。更多还原

【Abstract】 According to Heidegger’s conception of Being and Time,Heidegger originally planned to reveal the primordial meaning of the concept of Being,but was unable to find a direct path to it.The starting point of the discussion is "Dasein",which is characterized by "self-recognition"(Seinsverst(?)ndnis),and then the discussion of"analysis of this being The discussion of "this-is-analysis" follows.This is why it is called "fundamental ontology".For Heidegger,especially in his earlier thought,this analysis of being is the path to the problem of being,and there is a clear and strong desire to replace Aristotle’s theory of being and even Kant’s theory of categories through this analysis of being.Throughout the work,however,the discussion of the here and now intensifies,completely overriding the discussion of being.As the reader becomes confident in the world of here and now analysis,the whole work comes to an abrupt end,so Being and Time can be seen as a work on Heidegger’s fundamental ontology.According to Heidegger,human beings are existent beings with the property of "being-there" or "Dasein".Humans are a unique type of existent being in the world,and their ability to be "being-there" is determined by their existence."Being-there" refers to the essence and characteristics of human existence,emphasizing that humans are not just objective objects,but subjects with subjective consciousness and experience."Being-there" also means that human existence is a temporal and spatial existence,and humans are not isolated beings but exist in the world and society.Furthermore,"beingthere" emphasizes that human existence is uncertain and open,and humans need to find meaning and purpose in their existence and face their own existence when confronted with the inevitability of death.The word "time" in the book title actually refers to explaining existence through human temporality.Heidegger first saw whether human beings could fully grasp their own fate while living between heaven and earth or lost themselves so much that they could not be autonomous.He divided life into two states: "authentic" and "inauthentic".In terms of temporal structure,these two states can be distinguished into three directions: "future","present" and "past".The multiplication of the two moods gives rise to six paradigms that can be transferred.These are repetition,instant,anticipation,retaining,enpresenting and await.What is known is that Being and Time is a work that is only a third of the way through.A work that was planned to change Western philosophy since Aristotle on the theory of being was abandoned by the author on his own initiative,as common sense would dictate,because there were fundamental difficulties or faults in the plan.Regarding the reasons for the planned abandonment of the work Being and Time,we consider first and foremost Heidegger’s thought on the finiteness of man.The basic position on the finiteness of man is certainly found everywhere in Heidegger’s work in his later years,and it has actually been affirmed in Being and Time for a long time.For example,when Heidegger talks about man as a temporal being,he points out that man’s primordial time is "finite".The theoretical layout of explaining existence in terms of time is in fact to take the activity of man as the basis of all explanations of existence,and the status of man is invisibly and unconditionally exalted.As far as the topic of discussion is concerned,Being and Time seems to have nothing to do with ethics,but many of the details of the discussion are related to ethics.The book Being and Time never proclaims any intrinsic value,much less directly mentions any ethical norms about what people should do.However,under the condition of non-preaching,Heidegger presents the reality of human being nakedly in front of people,and lets them choose between what is authentic and non-authentic,and lets them choose according to their actual situation,which is often more effective for people than a set of ethical norms.更多还原